Financial inclusion, universal banking and post offices in Britain

The causes and consequences of financial exclusion have become a policy concern in Britain in recent years. This paper analyses policy discourses around financial exclusion and considers the (social and economic) geographical issues surrounding one particular policy response – universal banking services. It examines the policy background which led to the introduction of these services, and the institutional role of the Post Office, before discussing their potential social and spatial consequences.     

通用数据库管理系统

本文介绍了一种通用数据库管理系统，采用ＦＯＸＰＲＯ２．５编写。只要用户给定需要的数据库名等信息，该系统就可对给定的数据进行录入、修改、删除、查询、统计及打印等操作。该系统功能齐全，具有很强的通用性。     

费氏台法岩组分析中数据的计算机采集和处理系统

本系统是显微组构要素的费氏台N.H.I三轴测定系统。它由三路角度传感器,PC-1500计算机及其费氏台数据采集装置组成。系统可完成对多种线、面要素的每一粒(次)测定过程的自动数据采集、实时成图处理。采集精度高(角度偏差≤0.5°,无累积偏差),成图精度高,速度快,工作适应性强,用户介入性好,系统性能稳定,使用方便,软件适应范围宽,是一种易于普及的岩组测定数据采集及处理系统。     

Sampling design optimization for spatial functions

A new procedure is presented for minimizing the sampling requirements necessary to estimate a mappable spatial function at a specified level of accuracy. The technique is based on universal kriging, an estimation method within the theory of regionalized variables. Neither actual implementation of the sampling nor universal kriging estimations are necessary to make an optimal design. The average standard errorand maximum standard error of estimationover the sampling domain are used as global indices of sampling efficiency. The procedure optimally selects those parameters controlling the magnitude of the indices, including the density and spatial pattern of the sample elements and the number of nearest sample elements used in the estimation. As an illustration, the network of observation wells used to monitor the water table in the Equus Beds of Kansas is analyzed and an improved sampling pattern suggested. This example demonstrates the practical utility of the procedure, which can be applied equally well to other spatial sampling problems, as the procedure is not limited by the nature of the spatial function.     

Discussion on Geodynamics of Three-body Motion

To determine the Earth's dynamics and their equations, which are crucial for Earth science research, this paper analyzes the interaction forces in the motion of a three-body system(namely, fixed, active, and passive points), based on the orbital motion. The mathematical derivation has been conducted strictly according to trigonometric functions with time and space as variables. In spatial transformation, related data items are simplified and replaced reasonably and necessarily according to the physical phenomenon to conduct derivations of planar to spatial transformation, through which the motion point has universal significance. Moreover, the polynomial equation for the dynamics has been obtained. Results indicate that the polynomial expression for the dynamics comprises the tidal force, the powerful mid-latitude Force(PML Force), and gravitation. Gravitation analysis shows that it is proportional to the dynamics quality, the size of the angular velocity of their deviation from the progenitor–paternal orbital plane's center position, and the square of the progenitor orbital plane's distance. However, it is inversely proportional to the distance of the paternal orbital plane and not related to another body's quality. Some past errors are addressed and some constructive conclusions are offered in the discussion of gravitation.     

A new supervised classifier exploiting spectral-spatial information in the Bayesian framework

Conventional machine learning methods are often unable to achieve high degrees of accuracy when only spectral data are involved in the classification process. The main reason of that inaccuracy can be brought back to the omission of the spatial information in the classification. The present paper suggests a way to combine effectively the spectral and the spatial information and improve the classification’s accuracy. In practice, a Bayesian two-stage methodology is proposed embodying two enhancements: i) a geostatistical non-parametric classification approach, the universal indicator kriging and ii) the smooth multivariate kernel method. The former provides an informative prior, while the latter overcomes the assumption (often not true) of independence of the spectral data. The case study reports an application to land-cover classification in a study area located in the Apulia region (Southern Italy). The methodology performance in terms of overall accuracy was compared with five state-of-the-art methods, i.e. naïve Bayes, Random Forest, artificial neural networks, support vector machines and decision trees. It is shown that the proposed methodology outperforms all the compared methods and that even a severe reduction of the training set does not affect seriously the average accuracy of the presented method.     

Empirical transformations from U.T. to E.T. for the period 1800–1988 (Astronomisches Rechen-Institut — Mitteilungen Serie B)

Approximation formulae describing the long-term changes in the rotation of the Earth are evaluated. The time scale reduction from Universal to Ephemeris Time can be accomplished by a 12th degree polynomial with a mean error of less than one second for the entire time span 1800–1988. The maximum residuals of least squares fits of the 19th and 20th century data, respectively, can be limited to this accuracy by even simpler expressions.     

Fast Procedure Solving Universal Kepler's Equation

We developed a procedure to solve a modification of the standard form of the universal Kepler’s equation, which is expressed as a nondimensional equation with respect to a nondimensional variable. After reducing the domain of the variable and the argument by using the symmetry and the periodicity of the equation, the method first separates the case where the solution is so small that it is given an inverted series. Second, it separates the cases where the elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic standard forms of Kepler’s equation are suitable. Here the separation is done by judging whether detouring these nonuniversal equations will cause a 1-bit loss of information to their nonuniversal solutions or not. Then the nonuniversal equations are solved by the author’s procedures to solve the elliptic Kepler’s equation (Fukushima, 1997a), Barker’s equation (Fukushima, 1998), and the hyperbolic Kepler’s equation (Fukushima, 1997b), respectively. And their nonuniversal solutions are transformed back to the solution of the universal equation. For the rest of the case, we obtain an approximate solution by solving roughly the approximated cubic equation as we did in solving Barker’s equation. Then the correction to the approximate solution is obtained by Halley’s method precisely. There the special function appeared in the universal equation is rewritten into a combination of similar special functions of small arguments, so that they are efficiently evaluated by their Taylor series. Numerical measurements showed that, in the case of Intel Pentium II processor, the new method is 10–25 times as fast as Shepperd’s method (Shepperd, 1985) and 7–13 times as fast as the standard Newton method. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地理信息资源共享服务平台建设构想

在“数字中国”、“数字省区”、“数字城市”建设如火如荼的背景下,以地理信息资源共享交换与空间数据资源整合为目标的各类地理信息资源共享服务平台纷纷投入建设。本文从地理信息的自身特性和信息化社会需求出发,论述构建国家地理信息资源共享服务平台的必要性,并提出符合我国国情的地理信息资源共享服务平台的建设构想,以及共享服务平台的主要建设内容和所需解决的关键技术。     

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