无光照条件下CMOS图像传感器噪声分析

在无光照条件下,对采用CMOS图像传感器的尼康D90相机在不同的曝光时间下进行拍摄实验,分析CMOS图像传感器在不同曝光时间下的暗电流噪声以及系统噪声在传感器像面上的空间分布。得出如下结论：系统噪声并没有随曝光时间增加而增大的趋势,因此,系统的暗电流噪声比较小;而整体噪声在不同的曝光时间下,都有在空间分布上有像面外围较大而像面中间较小的情况,根据该分布给出计算不同位置像素系统噪声大小的公式。     

面向航空影像匀光的改进马斯克法

针对光学遥感影像匀光中的马斯克匀光方法的实现需要较大的滤波窗口,易导致匀光的结果对影像中的水体、阴影等存在较大的辐射增强,以及对影像的边缘处理有较大的误差等问题,该文提出改进的马斯克匀光方法:首先生成背景影像;然后对输入影像与获得的背景影像复合进行锐化增强;最后对锐化增强的结果进行拉伸处理。试验结果表明,该方法可以在滤波器窗口为3或5的情况下在对影像匀光的同时实现锐化增强。     

A hyperspectral experiment over tropical forests based on the EO-1 orbit change and PROSAIL simulation

ABSTRACT

We designed a unique hyperspectral experiment from the Earth Observing One (EO-1) orbit change to evaluate solar illumination effects over tropical forests in Brazil. Ten nadir-viewing Hyperion images collected over a fixed site and period of the year (July to August) were selected for analysis. We evaluated variations in reflectance and in 16 narrowband vegetation indices (VIs) with increasing solar zenith angle (SZA) from the pre-drift (2004–2008) to the EO-1 drift period (2011–2016). To detect changes in reflectance and shadows, we applied spectral mixture analysis (SMA) and principal component analysis (PCA) and calculated the similarity spectral angle (θ) between the vegetation spectra measured with variable SZA. The magnitude of the illumination effects was also evaluated from change-point analysis and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests applied over the time series. Finally, we complemented our experiment using the PROSAIL model to simulate the VIs variation with increasing SZA resultant from satellite drift. The results showed significant changes in Hyperion reflectance and VIs, especially when the EO-1 crossed the study area at earlier times and larger SZA in 2015 (9:05 a.m.; SZA = 59°) and 2016 (8:30 a.m.; SZA = 67°). Compared to the pre-drift period (10:30 a.m.; SZA = 45°), the SZA differences of 14° (2015) and 22° (2016) increased the shade fractions and decreased the vegetation brightness. PCA separated the pre-drift and drift reflectance datasets, showing shifts in scores due to changes in brightness. θ increased with SZA, indicating changes in the shape of the vegetation spectra with drift. For most VIs, the change-point analysis indicated 2015 (SZA = 59°) as the predominant year of detected changes. Compared to the EO-1 original orbit, the Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) and Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI) presented the largest positive changes during drift, while the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) had the largest negative changes. The effect size of the illumination geometry on these VIs was large, as indicated by increasing values of the Cohen’s r metric toward 2016. The anisotropy of the Hyperion VIs was generally consistent with that from PROSAIL in the simulated pre-drift and drift periods. Focusing on structural indices, it affected the relationships between VIs and simulated leaf area index (LAI) at large SZA.     

基于空间统计学的空间数据窗口大小的确定

提出基于空间统计学的方法来确定空间数据窗口大小,实例证明是可行的。同时提出了对海底照片成像不均匀光照进行纠正的思路和方法,该方法简单有效,效果较理想。     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕壳的生态学观察

本文对河蟹幼蟹蜕壳过程及蜕壳后的特征进行了比较详细的观察,并初步探讨了蜕壳与光照、温度及生境的关系对于0.5-2g的幼蟹,蜕壳期大约需要3-6h,软壳期需要2h,薄壳期需要15h．幼蟹特别喜欢选择有草的生境作为蜕壳地点,也喜欢在池塘浅水区蜕壳,但是在2m以内水深对蜕壳成功率没有影响．蜕壳存在明显的昼夜节律,白天蜕壳的数量显著高干夜间(F(1.30)=13.4,P=0.0009),蜕壳高峰发生在上午(07:00-11:00),低谷一般发生在夜间(23:00-03:00)．协方差分析（昼夜为协变量）表明：水温的昼夜变化(28-35℃)对蜕壳并没有显著的影响(F_7,11=1.99,P=0.1467),在水温高达 35℃时蜕壳仍然能顺利进行,蜕壳下限温度在14℃左右。     

相控震源定向地震波信号分析

应用可控震源地震勘探,当环境噪声很强,采用组合震源工作仍不能满足信噪比要求时,引入能形成定向地震波的相控震源.由相控震源定向照明地震理论分析,主波束方向上3单元相控震源产生的反射地震波信号信噪比比单震源高6.53~9.54 dB,比组合震源高1.76~4.77dB.为研究相控地震实际效果,在同一测区进行了三种震源地震对比实验.由单炮地震记录和水平叠加时间剖面可知,相控震源反射波信号信噪比明显高于单震源情况,略高于组合震源情况.进一步对反射波信号功率谱特性做定量分析,得到如下结果：与单震源情况相比,相控震源使各道反射波信号信噪比提高了0.75~8.15 dB,平均提高3.65 dB;与组合震源情况相比,各道信噪比提高了0.93~3.17 dB,平均提高2.02 dB,实验结果与理论分析吻合.综上所述可知,基于相控震源的定向照明地震技术是可行的,可以有效提高地震信号的信噪比.     

Distribution and anomaly of microwave emission at Lunar South Pole

Investigation on Lunar polar area is almost every lunar mission’s primary objective in recent years. The rationale behind it is that illumination and ice resources in this area can be potentially very helpful for constructing lunar human base. In this paper, we analyze microwave radiometric characteristics of the Moon by using the newly acquired Chang’E-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder (CELMS) data. Microwave brightness temperature at Lunar South Pole (LSP) is distributed regularly with a style of "ring-in-ring", decreasing from equator to pole. Regolith temperature gradient is bigger at lunar equator than at polar area. Brightness temperature diurnal difference decreases with observation frequency. Microwave brightness temperature distribution maps at LSP and Lunar North Pole (LNP) have been made based on the analysis. It is found that microwave brightness temperature becomes to synchronize with elevation beyond -85° latitude. This phenomenon is related to lightening condition and indicates temperature distribution at LSP. The brightness temperature anomaly cold points are potentially cold trap areas for water or ice while hot points imply plenty of illumination resources there.     

遥感影像变分Mask自适应匀光算法

针对Mask匀光法对低通滤波器及其尺寸参数依赖的问题,提出一种变分Mask自适应匀光算法。根据影像自身的先验信息,结合Mask数学模型构造变分能量函数,分别利用各向异性和各向同性全变分正则项约束理想影像和背景影像,采用分裂Bregman方法交替迭代求解,可同时获取最优化背景影像和理想影像。利用3幅光照不均匀的遥感影像进行实验并与3种不同滤波尺寸的Mask匀光法进行了比较,本文方法在目视效果和定量评价指标上均呈现明显的优势,在消除亮度不均的同时能够保持影像的纹理和细节信息。     

非均匀温度状态下声学验潮仪潮高示值修正

本文主要介绍了非均匀温度状态下声学验潮仪潮高示值修正公式的推导、误差分析及应用验证。     

4种海洋绿藻光合放氢特征的研究

四爿藻(Tetraselmis sp．)、微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis occulata)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和扁藻(Ptatymonas subcordiformis)的放氢特点各不相同。在暗厌氧培养阶段,四爿藻和微绿球藻不释放氢气,小球藻和扁藻释放微量的氢气。随后的光照培养阶段中,4种海藻在天然海水中都释放氢气,四爿藻和小球藻在无硫海水中不释放氢气,而微绿球藻在无硫海水中释放的氢气比在天然海水中的少,扁藻在无硫海水中释放的氢气为天然海水中的10倍。在4种藻中。亚心型扁藻的光合放氢能力最高。解偶联剂CCCP(carbonyl cyanide m—chlorophenylhydrazone)对该4种藻的光合放氢的影响各不相同,并初步推测了扁藻光合放氢的速度限制因素。