地表旋转控制照明叠前深度偏移

基于炮集数据的常规叠前深度偏移波场外推的计算量非常大,控制照明叠前深度偏移是基于快速的组合炮技术,通过在目的层上控制震源波场,高效实现对地质目标的高质量成像. 组合炮所需的合成算子,由在目的层定义的震源波场反向外推到地表建立. 本文提出一种更快速的地表旋转控制照明方法,直接在地表对震源波场进行面向目标的照明控制,实现目标区域高质量成像. 该方法只需对某一核合成算子进行简单的几何旋转建立合成算子函数,避免了复杂的波场外推. 这种新的控制照明方法与快速的一般组合炮偏移效率相同,但对复杂目标区域的成像能力显著增强. 应用本文方法对Marmousi模型进行计算,得到深层复杂构造非常理想的成像结果.     

Recognizing Carbon Forestry’s Uneven Geography: A Response to Purdon and the Structure-Agency Dichotomy That Never Was

We here respond to the critique by Purdon of an article on carbon forestry that we published in this journal last year (Carton and Andersson). While we welcome critical engagements with our work, Purdon’s argument is wide of the mark and appears based largely on misconceptions regarding our theoretical entry point and empirical findings. Underlying this are fundamental disagreements about the nature of carbon forestry, structure-agency dynamics, and how to understand environmental interventions in the global South more broadly. We argue that we are unlikely to “find common ground” in our respective analyses of the Trees for Global Benefits project unless we share a common understanding of the unequal power relations and fundamental geographical unevenness within which carbon projects operate. Contrary to what Purdon argues, this position has nothing to do with ignoring local benefits, nor with denying the agency of the smallholder farmers who participate in the project. We see no contradiction between an analysis that does justice to the various structural conditions that frame carbon forest projects, and a recognition of local agency.     

MIROC_Hires模式模拟我国极端降水非均匀性在CO2浓度增加下的响应

利用日本东京大学气候系统研究中心、日本环境研究所和日本地球环境研究中心联合研制的全球海气耦合气候系统模式(MIROC_Hires)输出的逐日降水资料,探讨CO2浓度增加下我国极端降水非均匀性的响应及其可能机制。结果表明:(1)就气候平均而言,CO2浓度增加后,我国南部地区极端降水事件的发生更为集中,而北方地区的极端降水事件分布较平均。(2)从年际变率来看,我国南部地区极端降水事件集中度在"A1B试验"中偏小,年际之间的差异不大,而北方地区的极端降水集中度增加,年际之间变化剧烈。(3)CO2浓度增加后,南方和北方地区在水平和垂直上的增温幅度不一致,且整层大气平均的稳定度呈现出南北反相差异。这种不均匀增暖的分布很可能是导致我国极端降水非均匀性在CO2浓度增加后变化的原因。     

考虑界面应力分布不均匀影响的挡土墙主动土压力分析方法

目前关于挡土墙土压力的计算多采用水平分层研究方法,该法在计算分析中常假设分层单元界面上的竖向正应力和水平剪切应力均匀分布,未考虑界面应力分布不均匀对土压力计算结果的影响。为此,本文基于现有的墙后填土应力分布及主应力偏转规律,将界面上不均匀分布的剪应力和正应力等效为作用在楔体单元边界的集中力,通过楔体单元受力分析及其静力平衡条件,建立了可以考虑单元界面剪应力和正应力分布不均匀影响的挡土墙主动土压力分析新方法,并探讨了不均匀界面应力对土压力计算结果的影响。研究结果表明：分层单元不均匀界面应力作为滑动楔体内部土体的内力不会对土压力合力的大小产生影响,但会对土压力分布和土压力合力作用点位置产生影响,且相对于水平剪切应力,竖向正应力对土压力计算结果的影响更大。通过对比论证,发现在考虑界面应力分布不均匀情况下,计算结果可以更准确地描述土压力的分布规律,土压力分布曲线的拐点随着墙土接触摩擦角$\delta $的增大和填土内摩擦角$\varphi $的减小而上升,土压力合力作用点位置随着$\delta /\varphi $的增大而上升。     

海带育苗过程光照强度监测系统的设计与实现

海带(Laminaria japonica)是一种重要的食用藻类,在其生产过程中,育苗是最基础的环节。在海带育苗过程中光照强度因其变化性强、对幼苗影响显著等特点,被看作是一个重要监测指标。针对目前海带育苗光照强度监测方式落后、准确度和效率低的问题,本文基于相关研究成果,设计了一套由Wi-Fi通信和无线局域网加互联网通信方式组成的海带育苗光照强度监测系统。系统以移动客户端应用为主要业务控制中心,依据光照强度传感器、气象工作站等设备获取海带育苗车间内的光照情况以及外部环境参数,通过无线网关节点实现育苗环境信息和远程服务器的信息交换。通过开发系统应用层,实现移动设备客户端远程监控海带育苗光照参数的变化。实际的模拟生产测试表明,该系统性能稳定,实时监测、警报功能达到使用要求,提升了海带育苗生产的信息化水平,可对推动海带等藻类的精准养殖提供一定的参考。     

Frost heave analysis of ballasted track above box culvert and its influence on train vibration

The uneven frost heave of frost-susceptible subgrade soil causes track irregularity, which highly enhances train vibration and affects the comfort and safety of railway transportation. This paper presents a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) analysis for the freezing behavior of railway located above a box culvert. The vertical acceleration of the vehicle, an indicator of riding comfort, is predicted through a vehicle dynamic model. The results reveal that the existence of a box culvert changes the subgrade thermal pattern, leading to a deeper frost penetration depth. The frost heave amount above the box culvert is larger than the adjacent section, resulting in uneven track structure upheave and track irregularity. This frost-induced track irregularity highly affects train vibration.     

Evolution of new regional development interventions in New Zealand: An analysis of the first year of the Provincial Growth Fund

Regional development has evolved in response to shifting local and global priorities. These shifts have transformed both the way we think about regions, their role and how that shapes the outcomes and benefits that might occur from engaging in regional development. Key debates centre around the ability (or desirability) of regional development interventions to unsettle path dependence and “lock‐in” created by past approaches and to create opportunities for alternative development futures and to provide choices between sectoral‐based investments to support economic activity in contrast to a more place‐based approach to regional development. This paper overviews the dynamic nature of regional development to offer reasons for its recent resurgence by highlighting the key debates about the purpose and function of regions and what regional development can or should do. We then discuss the New Zealand context specifically and use the first year of Provincial Growth Fund investments to reflect on how the processes, objectives and goals reflect particular interpretations of the meaning and purpose of regional development. We conclude that a strong adherence to a growth imperative has the potential to reinforce path dependencies at the expense of alternative development pathways.     

浅埋、偏压隧道开挖施工方案的仿真分析

运用有限元数值方法对浅埋、偏压隧道的开挖施工方案进行了数值仿真研究,对比研究了两种不同开挖条件下围岩和支护结构的受力与变形规律的差异,对施工过程中可能产生的变形效应对围岩稳定性的影响展开了深入探讨,给出了既符合隧道设计规范、又满足稳定性要求的施工方案;研究结果可以为浅埋、偏压条件下的隧道设计、施工提供有意义的参考     

海洋地震垂直缆观测系统的射线照明分析

垂直缆地震法是海洋地震勘探学里新发展起来的一种具有潜在应用前景的观测技术。本文基于射线追踪理论,采用基于不规则单元的双线性走时插值和快速波前扩展的高精度和高效率方法,并以目标层反射点分布密度作为衡量观测系统的主要参数,通过一系列三维海底地层模型和炮点、垂直接收缆及其水听器布设的数值模拟实验,对海洋地震垂直缆观测系统进行照明分析,取得了垂直缆观测系统参数对目标层反射点分布的影响规律,为最佳垂直缆观测系统设计和提高地震成像质量提供参考依据。     

Evaluating uncertainty in Landsat-derived postfire recovery metrics due to terrain,soil, and shrub type variations in southern California

ABSTRACT

Temporal trajectories of apparent vegetation abundance based on the multi-decadal Landsat image series provide valuable information on the postfire recovery of chaparral shrublands, which tend to mature within one decade. Signals of change in fractional shrub cover (FSC) extracted from time-sequential Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data can be systematically biased due to spatial variation in shrub type, soil substrate, or illumination differences associated with topography. We evaluate the effects of these variables in Landsat-derived metrics of FSC and postfire recovery, based upon three chaparral sites in southern California which contain shrub community ecotones, complex terrain, and soil variations. Detailed validations of prefire and postfire FSC are based on high spatial resolution ortho-imagery; cross-stratified random sampling is used for variable control. We find that differences in the composition and structure of shrubs (inferred from ortho-imagery) can substantially influence FSC-NDVI relations and impact recovery metrics. Differences in soil type have a moderate effect on the FSC-NDVI relation in one of the study sites, while no substantial effects were observed due to variation of terrain illumination among the study sites. Arithmetic difference recovery metrics – based on NDVI values that were not normalized with unburned control plots – correlate in a moderate but significant manner with a change in FSC (R ² values range 0.47–0.59 at two sites). Similar regression coefficients resulted from using Landsat visible reflectance data alone. The lowest correlations to FSC resulted from Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and are attributed to the effects of the soil-adjustment factor in sparsely vegetated areas. The Normalized Burn Ratio and Normalized Burn Ratio 2 showed a moderate correlation to FSC. This study confirms the utility of Landsat NDVI data for postfire recovery evaluation and implies a need for stratified analysis of postfire recovery in some chaparral landscapes.