基于Poynting矢量的地震照明分析

地震照明分析能够定量分析影响逆时偏移成像质量的因素。文章基于Poynting矢量方法进行地震定向照明分析及成像补偿方法研究,利用Poynting矢量进行波场传播角度分解,通过计算不同入射及散射波方向的部分照明建立局部照明矩阵。该矩阵包含了照明分析中波与地质结构相互作用所涉及的所有角度信息,可以方便地分析目标附近所有可能的入射波和散射波对局部照明的贡献。根据局部照明矩阵可以获得对地下结构的照明描述、采集倾角响应,并依此进行成像补偿计算。以SEG/EAGE模型作为数值计算实例,进行基于Poynting矢量的照明分析及成像补偿,有效地提高了成像质量。该方法为角度域逆时偏移成像校正及分辨率分析等提供了高效的处理手段。     

弱非线性斯托克斯波在非平整海底上传播的新型抛物型方程

由于缓坡方程计算量大和其本身的缓坡假定而在实际应用中受到了限制,故对斯托克斯波在非平整海底(适用于缓坡和陡坡地形)上传播的Liu和Dingemans的三阶演化方程进行抛物逼近,得到一个新的非线性抛物型方程,它能够包含同类方程未曾考虑的二阶长波效应.通过数值计算结果与Berkhoff等人的经典实验数据的比较,证明所提出的抛物型模型理论具有较高的精度.     

Design,modelling and imaging of marine seismic swarm surveys

Autonomous marine vehicles instrumented with seismic sensors allow for new efficient seismic survey designs. One such design is the swarm survey, where a group, or swarm, of slow moving autonomous marine vehicles record seismic data from shots fired by a source vessel sailing around circles within the swarm. The size of the swarm is dictated by the maximum offset requirement of the survey, and it can be shaped to acquire wide‐ and full‐azimuth data. The swarm survey design equation describes the relationship between the source and receiver positions of the survey and the subsurface coverage or fold. It is used to adapt the swarm to the seismic survey requirements and to calculate survey duration time estimates as function of available equipment. It is shown that a survey conducted by a slowly moving swarm requires six times fewer shots than an equivalent seabed node survey conducted over 85.5 km². Swarm surveys can also be adapted to efficiently conduct infill surveys and replace multi‐vessel undershoots. The efficiency of the survey can further be increased when the autonomous marine vehicles are towing short streamers with multiple receivers. Synthetic tests show that the seismic images for swarm surveys are comparable to those from streamer surveys, while little variation in image quality is found when reducing the number of autonomous marine vehicles but equipping them with a short streamer with multiple receivers.     

Directional‐oriented wavefield imaging: a new wave‐based subsurface illumination imaging condition for reverse time migration

The key objective of an imaging algorithm is to produce accurate and high‐resolution images of the subsurface geology. However, significant wavefield distortions occur due to wave propagation through complex structures and irregular acquisition geometries causing uneven wavefield illumination at the target. Therefore, conventional imaging conditions are unable to correctly compensate for variable illumination effects. We propose a generalised wave‐based imaging condition, which incorporates a weighting function based on energy illumination at each subsurface reflection and azimuth angles. Our proposed imaging kernel, named as the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging, compensates for illumination effects produced by possible surface obstructions during acquisition, sparse geometries employed in the field, and complex velocity models. An integral part of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition is a methodology for applying down‐going/up‐going wavefield decomposition to both source and receiver extrapolated wavefields. This type of wavefield decomposition eliminates low‐frequency artefacts and scattering noise caused by the two‐way wave equation and can facilitate the robust estimation for energy fluxes of wavefields required for the seismic illumination analysis. Then, based on the estimation of the respective wavefield propagation vectors and associated directions, we evaluate the illumination energy for each subsurface location as a function of image depth point and subsurface azimuth and reflection angles. Thus, the final directional‐oriented wavefield imaging kernel is a cross‐correlation of the decomposed source and receiver wavefields weighted by the illuminated energy estimated at each depth location. The application of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition can be employed during the generation of both depth‐stacked images and azimuth–reflection angle‐domain common image gathers. Numerical examples using synthetic and real data demonstrate that the new imaging condition can properly image complex wave paths and produce high‐fidelity depth sections.     

Optimization of laboratory illumination in optical dating

As part of the development of new laboratory lighting, we present a methodological approach applicable to the characterization of any light source intended for illumination in optical dating laboratories. We derive optical absorption cross-sections for quartz and feldspar from published data and compare these with the human eye response. The optimum peak wavelength giving the best clarity for non-dark adapted vision for the least trapped charge loss lies within the wavelength range 590–630 nm; we argue that it is unnecessary to consider dark-adapted vision. The predicted relative decay rates of quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and feldspar infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals by an incandescent light bulb and a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) through an ILFORD 902 filter are first derived. These predicted decay rates are then compared with those of three relevant light-emitting diodes (LEDs); this comparison demonstrates the significant advantage of the LED sources over the filtered light sources, because essentially all of the reduction of both OSL and IRSL signals by the LEDs occurs at wavelengths to which the human eye is most sensitive. We conclude that exposure of quartz and feldspar extracts from various samples to the light from an LED with emission peak at 594 nm results in a ≤1% OSL or IRSL signal loss for a 48-h exposure at a power density of ∼0.2 μW.cm⁻².     

梅山龙宫景观资源及其照明设计

本文通过对梅山龙宫地下河洞穴系统空间、水体、次生化学沉积物的调查,揭示了该洞穴“险、幽、秀、奇”的景观资源特征。针对游览洞穴开发应遵循的原则,提出了洞穴的照明设计应遵循“自然、艺术、协调、安全、特色”基本原则,并论述了洞穴照明设计理念,即景区设计理念在于使洞穴空间得到艺术性体现,景点设计在于对景点形态进行艺术造型。此外,该文还论述了运用照明技法在梅山龙宫中的应用。      

多级存储优化的大规模全局光照快速计算

针对大规模复杂场景渲染的全局光照计算量大从而影响其渲染实时性的问题,提出了一种基于多级分辨率纹理存储结构的改进体素锥追踪全局光照算法。算法首先采用基于人眼视觉特性的多级分辨率纹理存储结构高效存储光照信息,并在直接光照计算时,结合存储结果特点,然后采用混合存储的GPU硬件加速与无贡献节点丢弃的软件加速相结合方法,进一步提高光照渲染效率,最后基于多级纹理及闭合体节点自适应合并对锥波滤器进行改进,实现全局光照的高效计算。试验结果表明,改进算法减少了光照计算量,降低了系统内存占用,并取得了与经典算法相近的场景光照渲染效果,从而验证了其在大规模光照计算的有效性。     

基坑围护结构最大侧移深度对周边环境的影响

围护结构最大侧移所在深度是衡量基坑变形的重要指标之一,而目前鲜有关于其对周边环境变形影响的研究。基于工程实测数据分析和有限元数值模拟,系统地研究了基坑围护结构最大侧移深度对邻近桩基础建筑物不均匀沉降和坑外深层土体位移场的影响。经研究发现：围护结构最大侧移的下移会导致坑外土体位移场扩大,进而降低相应区域的桩基础承载力,导致邻近桩基础建筑物发生显著的不均匀沉降。不同深度的土体经历复杂的竖向位移,且位移形态与围护结构最大侧移深度密切相关。随围护结构最大侧移深度的逐渐下移,坑外土体位移场向深层土体发展,且主要影响范围相应地扩大。在实际工程中,根据基坑周边环境合理地控制围护结构最大侧移所在深度,可有效降低基坑开挖对周边环境的不利影响。     

利用数字高程模型生成地形三维仿真图

研究了以地面数字高程模型 (DEM )作为原始资料 ,采用透视变换和模拟光照的模拟算法 ,生成某一地区的三维实景图 ,实现地形仿真。给出了试验结果 ,试验表明这种方法可产生逼真的三维仿真图。     

基于控制照明的合成震源记录交互剩余偏移速度分析

提出了一种新的偏移速度分析方法——基于控制照明的合成震源记录交互剩余偏移速度分析方法．与其他类似偏移速度分析方法的不同点在于：（1） 叠前深度偏移采用基于波动理论的快速合成震源记录算法;（2）偏移方法采用平面波震源,与速度分析方法一致;（3）应用控制照明技术,避免了因横向变速而导致的平面波震源波场在传播过程中的畸变,从而减小了速度分析的误差;（4）实用的速度谱设计,使交互偏移速度分析可行且易于操作．模型和新疆实际资料的试算表明该方法是一种有效和实用的偏移速度分析方法．