不均匀地基对北大红楼变形破坏的影响分析

依据对北大红楼的工程地质调查,其地基条件为不均匀地基土,借助FLAC^2D有限差分程序分析不均匀地基对北大红楼变形破坏的影响,发现北大红楼上部建筑出现的宏观变形破坏特征与下部地基岩土层性质、厚度、空间分布状况等密切相关。分析结果对于北大红楼维修加固设计具有重要的指导意义。     

地表旋转控制照明叠前深度偏移

基于炮集数据的常规叠前深度偏移波场外推的计算量非常大,控制照明叠前深度偏移是基于快速的组合炮技术,通过在目的层上控制震源波场,高效实现对地质目标的高质量成像. 组合炮所需的合成算子,由在目的层定义的震源波场反向外推到地表建立. 本文提出一种更快速的地表旋转控制照明方法,直接在地表对震源波场进行面向目标的照明控制,实现目标区域高质量成像. 该方法只需对某一核合成算子进行简单的几何旋转建立合成算子函数,避免了复杂的波场外推. 这种新的控制照明方法与快速的一般组合炮偏移效率相同,但对复杂目标区域的成像能力显著增强. 应用本文方法对Marmousi模型进行计算,得到深层复杂构造非常理想的成像结果.     

Impacts of forest structure on precipitation interception and run‐off generation in a semiarid region in northern China

Water resource scarcity and uneven distribution are 2 major environmental issues in China today. Forest structure is a dominant factor that influences hydrological processes, but the specific interactions remain uncertain due to the predominant use of individual or 1‐dimensional forest structure metrics in previous studies. In this study, forest structures in 8 run‐off plots on Mount Miaofeng in north China were parameterized by metrics of different dimensionalities. The relation between canopy interception and forest structure, shrub/litter interception, and forest structure as well as run‐off and forest structure were analysed by regression method and validated by leave‐one‐out cross test. The results showed that canopy interception rates ranged from less than 0.10 all the way to 0.80, affected by forest structure and precipitation, with interception rate decreasing logarithmically as precipitation increased. Forests with a larger canopy area (CA), leaf area index (LAI), and higher average height (H) had a narrow range of canopy interception rates, and forest with larger value of diameters at breath height (DBH), H, LAI, vertical heterogeneity coefficient (T), and structure complexity index (SCI) had higher interception rates. Forests with higher value of DBH, H, and horizontal heterogeneity coefficient (R) had higher shrub/litter interception rates on the forest floor. The run‐off coefficient was only significantly associated with LAI, T, and SCI. The validation test indicated that regression analysis of canopy interception rates and shrub interception are reliable and SCI is a key factor to influence the run‐off coefficient. However, the regression results of litter interception have a relatively large error. According to the results, to reduce the risks of the landslides and floods, forest managers should complicate the canopy and preserve trees with thicker stems and larger canopies. By contrast, to obtain more water resource from run‐off in arid regions, forest managers should harvest trees with large canopies and construct complex vertical structures by intermediate cutting.     

大场景地形三维逼真显示的一种方法

介绍了一种如何根据DEM三维位置进行三维逼真显示的实现方法,根据三维变换原理将三维位置转换成平面二维坐标,参考Phong光照模型,考虑了地形高度而计算光照强度,对显示中遇到的侧面显示和消隐问题进行了阐述,通过干涉SAR生成的DEM进行了大场景三维逼真显示,说明了方法的可行性.     

MIROC_Hires模式模拟我国极端降水非均匀性在CO2浓度增加下的响应

利用日本东京大学气候系统研究中心、日本环境研究所和日本地球环境研究中心联合研制的全球海气耦合气候系统模式(MIROC_Hires)输出的逐日降水资料,探讨CO2浓度增加下我国极端降水非均匀性的响应及其可能机制。结果表明:(1)就气候平均而言,CO2浓度增加后,我国南部地区极端降水事件的发生更为集中,而北方地区的极端降水事件分布较平均。(2)从年际变率来看,我国南部地区极端降水事件集中度在"A1B试验"中偏小,年际之间的差异不大,而北方地区的极端降水集中度增加,年际之间变化剧烈。(3)CO2浓度增加后,南方和北方地区在水平和垂直上的增温幅度不一致,且整层大气平均的稳定度呈现出南北反相差异。这种不均匀增暖的分布很可能是导致我国极端降水非均匀性在CO2浓度增加后变化的原因。     

虚拟演播室布光技术初探

随着广播电视数字化的不断发展,虚拟演播室的应用越来越广泛。虚拟演播室照明不同于传统演播室,对灯光的照度、照明方式有着全新的要求。虚拟演播室系统灯光照明的设计和安排直接决定了电视画面的质量,也就是说灯光照明在节目创作中既有技术性,同时又具有艺术性,需要我们在工作中,不间断地积累、研究、掌握,力争做到在技术中延伸出艺术。文章主要介绍了虚拟演播室的布光技术及相关注意事项。     

面向目标的小束源照明和成像

结合小束源和Fourier传播子,应用Fourier传播子进行面向目标的小束源照明和成像.小束源的合成通过小波束变换中的小束函数获得,而Fourier传播子进行波场外推,完成小束源的波传播.小束源具有空间位置和方向的双局部特性,对于照明和成像,它更加灵活,并有更多的控制方法.通过照明分析,选择面向目标的有效照明小束源,进行部分小束源偏移,可以提供更好的成像质量和计算效率.作为数值试验,我们选用Fourier有限差分传播子,对 Marmousi模型和二维SEG-EAGE盐丘模型的数据,试验了小束源对目标结构的方向照明和成像.获得的结果表明,结合小束源和Fourier传播子进行面向目标的照明和成像是切实有效的.     

基于起伏地表的小波束叠前深度偏移成像技术

油气勘探的重点正转向复杂地表条件和复杂地质条件的区域。为了较好的实现双复杂条件下的成像,将小波束引入进来,利用小束源良好的局部性和方向性,既实现对于整体的构造成像,又对局部构造进行了刻画。基于"逐步累加"的"直接下延"法是解决复杂地表成像的有效手段,能够较好的消除起伏地形的影响。基于起伏地表的小波束进行叠前成像和照明,该方法结合小束源和Fourier传播算子,首先通过小波束变换中的小束函数合成小束源,然后基于直接下延法,利用Fourier传播算子进行波场外推,完成小束源的照明和成像。对起伏地表模型进行试算,通过对单个小束源和多个小波束源偏移以及照明结果的对比分析,验证了在起伏地表条件下小波束叠前深度偏移和照明的正确性和有效性。     

考虑界面应力分布不均匀影响的挡土墙主动土压力分析方法

目前关于挡土墙土压力的计算多采用水平分层研究方法,该法在计算分析中常假设分层单元界面上的竖向正应力和水平剪切应力均匀分布,未考虑界面应力分布不均匀对土压力计算结果的影响。为此,本文基于现有的墙后填土应力分布及主应力偏转规律,将界面上不均匀分布的剪应力和正应力等效为作用在楔体单元边界的集中力,通过楔体单元受力分析及其静力平衡条件,建立了可以考虑单元界面剪应力和正应力分布不均匀影响的挡土墙主动土压力分析新方法,并探讨了不均匀界面应力对土压力计算结果的影响。研究结果表明：分层单元不均匀界面应力作为滑动楔体内部土体的内力不会对土压力合力的大小产生影响,但会对土压力分布和土压力合力作用点位置产生影响,且相对于水平剪切应力,竖向正应力对土压力计算结果的影响更大。通过对比论证,发现在考虑界面应力分布不均匀情况下,计算结果可以更准确地描述土压力的分布规律,土压力分布曲线的拐点随着墙土接触摩擦角$\delta $的增大和填土内摩擦角$\varphi $的减小而上升,土压力合力作用点位置随着$\delta /\varphi $的增大而上升。     

Design,modelling and imaging of marine seismic swarm surveys

Autonomous marine vehicles instrumented with seismic sensors allow for new efficient seismic survey designs. One such design is the swarm survey, where a group, or swarm, of slow moving autonomous marine vehicles record seismic data from shots fired by a source vessel sailing around circles within the swarm. The size of the swarm is dictated by the maximum offset requirement of the survey, and it can be shaped to acquire wide‐ and full‐azimuth data. The swarm survey design equation describes the relationship between the source and receiver positions of the survey and the subsurface coverage or fold. It is used to adapt the swarm to the seismic survey requirements and to calculate survey duration time estimates as function of available equipment. It is shown that a survey conducted by a slowly moving swarm requires six times fewer shots than an equivalent seabed node survey conducted over 85.5 km². Swarm surveys can also be adapted to efficiently conduct infill surveys and replace multi‐vessel undershoots. The efficiency of the survey can further be increased when the autonomous marine vehicles are towing short streamers with multiple receivers. Synthetic tests show that the seismic images for swarm surveys are comparable to those from streamer surveys, while little variation in image quality is found when reducing the number of autonomous marine vehicles but equipping them with a short streamer with multiple receivers.