Characterization and reconstruction of a rock fracture surface by geostatistics

It is well understood that, in studying the mechanical and hydromechanical behaviour of rock joints, their morphology must be taken into account. A geostatistical approach has been developed for characterizing the morphology of fracture surfaces at a decimetre scale. This allows the analysis of the spatial variability of elevations, and their first and second derivatives, with the intention of producing a model that gives a numerical three‐dimensional (3D) representation of the lower and upper surfaces of the fracture. Two samples (I and II) located close together were cored across a natural fracture. The experimental data are the elevations recorded along profiles (using recording steps of 0.5 and 0.02 mm, respectively, for the samples I and II). The goal of this study is to model the surface topography of sample I, so getting estimates for elevations at each node of a square grid whose mesh size will be, for mechanical purposes, no larger than the recording step. Since the fracture surface within the sample core is not strictly horizontal, geostatistical methods are applied to residuals of elevations of sample I. Further, since structural information is necessary at very low scale, theoretical models of variograms of elevations, first and second derivatives are fitted using data of both that sample I and sample II. The geostatistical reconstructions are computed using kriging and conditional simulation methods. In order to validate these reconstructions, variograms and distributions of experimental data are compared with variograms and distributions of the fitted data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重力数据误差对大地水准面模型建立的影响

基于Stokes理论建立的大地水准面模型,其精度受重力数据误差,即重力数据分辨率、精度以及积分范围的影响。针对这一问题,通过重力场谱特征分析,给出不同地形区域重力数据分辨率以及积分半径造成的大地水准面高频截断误差的量级大小,计算平均重力异常误差对大地水准面建模精度的影响。研究成果对不同地形区域cm级大地水准面模型的建立具有理论与指导意义。     

基于MODIS数据的淮北地区云特性研究

利用2006年—2015年MODIS云产品数据(MYD06),对淮北地区不同云相态、不同相态云粒子有效半径和云顶温度逐月概率分布进行了统计对比分析,同时对四季云水路径逐年变化进行了研究。研究表明:淮北地区夏秋冬季水云出现的概率较高,春夏季冰云出现的概率较高。水云年均发生概率是冰云的近2倍,晴空和冰云相当,混合相态云较少。除7月份,水云有效半径概率逐月分布逐年有所变化,主要分布在5—30μm。冰云有效半径主要分布在15—35μm,且10年间4、5和8月份概率分布较为一致。混和相云有效半径主要分布在10—40μm,逐月发生概率在10—20μm和25—35μm出现两个峰值,这与水云和冰云不同,且在春秋冬较为明显。10年间淮北地区上空云水路径年均值低于300 g/m~2。冬季年均云水路径相对较低且逐年呈现减少的趋势。春秋冬季云顶温度逐月概率分布逐年变化较大。春冬季冷云发生的概率较大,夏秋季暖云出现的概率要高于冷云。     

基于卫星高度计和浮标漂流轨迹的海洋涡旋特征信息对比分析

本文基于Chelton提供的涡旋数据集和浮标漂流轨迹提取的涡旋结果,对1993—2015年的全球涡旋进行特征信息对比分析。结果表明,在全球范围内高度计涡旋数据集中的欧拉涡旋和浮标漂流轨迹提取的拉格朗日涡旋的配对成功率在空间分布上并不均衡,在中纬度(20°—60°S,20°—60°N)配对成功率最高可达25%,而在20°S—20°N区域内配对成功率不到10%。由于低纬度地转效应并不显著,卫星高度计无法有效观测到涡旋,但通过浮标漂流轨迹识别出的拉格朗日涡旋却大量存在,这说明在低纬度区域内,采用漂流浮标手段对涡旋进行观测,能够有效地弥补卫星高度计识别涡旋的区域限制。进一步分析表明,总体而言,提取的欧拉涡旋半径要大于拉格朗日涡旋闭合回路半径。两种识别方法获得的涡旋(闭合回路)在20°—50°S, 20°—50°N的副热带和中纬度海区半径大致相当; 20°S—20°N度以内(特别是近赤道区域)、高纬度区域以及西边界流区域,欧拉涡旋半径是同期拉格朗日涡旋闭合回路半径的3倍或更多。此外,对配对涡旋的Rossby数分析结果显示,拉格朗日涡旋较小的闭合回路对应较大的平均相对涡度,这表明浮标在被中尺度涡俘获后,更容易在相对涡度较大的地方(如中尺度涡中心、中尺度涡边缘等)形成闭合回路。     

基于生物炭技术的农作物秸秆收购半径与收集站设置的数学模型

生物炭是酸性土壤修复的重要新型材料,生物炭技术是农作物秸秆开发利用的新兴技术,而农作物秸秆收集半径和收集站设置是影响农作物秸秆生物炭技术应用的关键因素,假设在农作物秸秆均匀分布的圆形区域建设生物炭生产基地,对影响生物炭生产基地效益的农作物秸秆收购半径进行分析,建立了"农作物秸秆收购半径数学模型",获得其最优收购半径为R=(a-c)/b(其中为单a位质量农作物秸秆相关收益,b为单位质量单位距离农作物秸秆运输费用,c为单位质量农作物秸秆变动成本)。同时进一步分析,建立了"农作物秸秆收集站位置设置数学模型",假设从收集站向生产基地运输单位质量单位距离农作物秸秆费用q比其直接运输至生产基地费用b节约50%时(即q/b=0.5),获得其最优位置为0.49R (其中R为收购半径)。收购半径和收集站模型的建立,为我国北方农业主产区农作物秸秆收集利用提供参考。     

Storm surge simulation along the Meghna estuarine area: an alternative approach

In this study, numerical prediction of surges associated with a storm was made through the method of lines (MOL) in coordination with the newly proposed RKARMS (4, 4) method for the meghna estuarine region, along the coast of Bangladesh. For this purpose, the vertically integrated shallow water equations (SWEs) in Cartesian coordinates were firstly transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of initial valued, which were then soloved using the new RKARMS (4, 4) method. Nested grid technique was employed for resolving the complexities of the region of interest with minimum cost. Fresh water discharge through the lower Meghna River was taken into account along the north east corner of the innermost child scheme. Numerical experiments were performed with the severe cyclone on April 1991 that crossed the coast over the study area. Simulated results by the study were found to be in good agreement with some reported data and were found to compare well with the results obtained by the MOL in addition with the classical 4th order Runge-Kutta (RK (4, 4)) method and the standard finite difference method (FDM).     

不同倒角半径柱体绕流数值模拟及水动力特性分析

为研究倒角半径变化对柱体绕流水动力特性的影响,本文使用Fluent软件,采用大涡模拟对雷诺数Re=3 900下的6种不同倒角半径的三维柱体进行了研究。在模型验证基础上,分析了由方柱渐变到圆柱过程中后方流场速度的时均特性及瞬时涡脱落变化规律,给出了不同倒角半径下的升、阻力系数值及无量纲涡脱频率St数。分析结果表明:平均阻力系数随倒角半径的增加而降低,在倒角半径为0.2D时下降速率最大,相较方柱降幅达到50%;升力系数均方根在倒角半径为0.1D~0.2D时变化最显著,减小约93%; St数随倒角半径增加而增大,在倒角半径为0.4D时可达到最大值;回流区长度随倒角半径的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,其长度在倒角半径为0.2D时达到最大;尾涡宽度在倒角半径为0.0D最大,后随倒角半径增加逐渐下降,且当倒角半径大于0.2D以后变化不大。本文研究结果可为柱体绕流研究及相关工程应用提供参考。     

波浪作用下刚性框架浮体及其锚绳运动数值模拟精度分析

由小尺度刚性杆件构成的复杂结构近年来多用于海洋平台建设和海洋监测浮标制作以及海洋增养殖人工浮鱼礁的设计。采用有限单元法和集中质量点法建立波浪作用下刚性框架浮体及其锚绳运动数值模型,探讨空间单元划分、时间离散步长、数据保存格式对刚性框架浮体和柔性锚绳运动模拟精度的影响,分别给出此三者之间的匹配关系。研究结果表明:框架浮体的单元划分可依据是否出水给定,单元的划分比建议取0.05;锚绳的单元划分与其上端连接的浮体浮力有关,当锚绳的拉力主要由上端浮体浮力产生时锚绳单元的划分影响较小,当锚绳的拉力主要由波浪力产生时锚绳单元的划分比建议取0.02;空间单元划分与时间离散步长存在匹配关系,通过减小时间步长来追求数值模拟精度时必须同时考虑保存运动物理量截断误差的影响。     

磁尾中交换不稳定性所产生偶极化锋面的动力学特性研究

本文利用考虑了Hall效应和有限Larmor半径（FLR）效应的磁流体数值模拟研究了在离子惯性长度/离子Larmor半径尺度内偶极化锋面的动力学特性.偶极化锋面由磁尾近地区域中由于热压尾向梯度和磁场曲率力不平衡所引起的交换不稳定性自洽产生.数值研究表明,偶极化锋面是切向间断,在相对该锋面结构静止的参考系中等离子体穿过偶极化锋面的法向速度为零.Hall效应主要影响与偶极化锋面的切平面相正交的电场,使得锋面切向电流增大,同时产生锋面结构不对称.研究表明离子在Larmor半径尺度产生的FLR效应可导致锋面结构的大尺度漂移运动.由FLR效应产生的离子磁化流速在偶极化锋面的日下点处指向昏向,锋面后区域的速度晨向分量增长,从而导致整个锋面结构向晨向漂移.     

Simulation of heat transfer performance using middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchangers by FEFLOW

Due to its large heat transfer area and stable thermal performance,the middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchanger (CBHE) has become one of the emerging technologies to extract geothermal energy. In this paper,a numerical modeling on a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model of a CBHE was conducted by using software FEFLOW,in which the model simulation was compared with the other studies and was validated with experimental data. On this basis,a further simulation was done in respect of assessing the influencing factors of thermal extraction performance and thermal influence radius of the CBHE. The results show that the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger decreases rapidly at the initial stage,and then tended to be stable; and the thermal influence radius increases with the increase of borehole depth. The heat extraction rate of the borehole increases linearly with the geothermal gradient. Rock heat capacity has limited impact on the heat extraction rate,but has a great influence on the thermal influence radius of the CBHE. When there is groundwater flow in the reservoir,the increase of groundwater velocity will result in the rise of both outlet temperature and heat extraction rate. The heat affected zone extends along with the groundwater flow direction; and its influence radius is increasing along with flow velocity. In addition,the material of the inner pipe has a significant effect on the heat loss in the pipe,so it is recommended that the material with low thermal conductivity should be used if possible.