新疆1961—2000年高空温度变化的若干事实及突变分析

采用1961—2000年新疆12个探空站逐日观测资料,利用经过5点平滑处理的曲线趋势对比和线性相关的研究方法,分析了40 a来12个探空站边界层、对流层、对流层顶和平流层从2 m和850 hPa至10 hPa的探空标准层各层的温度变化趋势;对流层和平流层各典型层间的相关关系;年际温度距平的垂直分布;并用Mann-Kendall方法进行了突变检验。研究表明：新疆平流层以20世纪80年代初为界,之前温度升高,之后温度降低,曲线呈“∧”型;对流层温度经历先降后升变化,曲线呈“V”型,两层温度表现为反位相变化趋势。其中30 hPa和300 hPa温度、50 hPa和400 hPa温度均达到0.05的显著水平负相关。对流层顶的200 hPa、250 hPa两个层次温度变化平稳。新疆年代际垂直方向温度分布特征70年代整层均为负距平,80年代对流层为负距平而平流层为正距平,曲线呈现镜像“S”型;60年代和90年代对流层为正距平,平流层为负距平,曲线呈现一个上下一致的“S”型。30 hPa、50 hPa和70 hPa温度在80年代初发生由升转降的突变;250 hPa温度在80年代初,500 hPa和700 hPa在1987年,2 m在1973年均发生由降转升的显著突变,显著水平达到0.01。     

Chemistry of Halogen Oxides in the Troposphere: Comparison of Model Calculations with Recent Field Data

Reactive halogen species (RHS = X, XO, HOX, OXO; X = Cl, Br, I) are known to have an important influence on the chemistry in the polar boundary layer (BL), where they are responsible for ozone depletion events in spring. Recent field campaigns at Mace Head, Ireland, and the Dead Sea, Israel, identified for the first time iodine oxide (IO) at mixing ratios of up to 6.6 ppt and 90 ppt bromine oxide (BrO), respectively, by DOAS also at lower latitudes. These results intensified the discussion about the role of the RHS in the mid-latitude BL.Photochemical box model calculations show that the observed IO mixing ratios can destroy ~0.45 ppb ozone per hour. This is comparable to the rates of the known O₃-loss processes in the boundary layer. The model studies also reveal that IO, at these levels, has a strong influence on the BL photochemistry, increasing the OH/HO₂- and the NO₂/NO - ratios. In combination these changes lead to a reduction of the photochemical ozone formation, which - in addition - reduces ozone mixing ratios by up to 0.15 ppb/h.The studies for the Dead Sea case give no information on the heterogeneous process responsible for the bromine release, but they show that a total of 2 – 4 ppb of total bromine have to be released to explain the observed complete depletion of 60 ppb ozone in 2 – 3 hours.     

基于相空间重构和高斯过程回归的对流层延迟预测

天顶对流层延迟(zenith tropospheric delay,ZTD)是影响GPS定位精度的关键因素,为了提高ZTD的预测精度,提出一种基于相空间重构的高斯过程回归预测模型.针对ZTD时间序列的混沌特性,利用国际GNSS服务(International GNSS Service,IGS)站提供的ZTD数据,采用C...     

GPS定位中对流层折射率随机模型的研究

分析了ＧＰＳ相对定位中对流层折射的特点，概述了目前所采用的几种确定性参数对流层折射估计和随机过程参数对流层折射估计方法。根据实测数据处理结果，分析比较了几种确定性模型和随机过程模型对ＧＰＳ相对定位精度的改善作用。结果表明：对流层折射的多参数确定性模型和随机参数模型对基线分量的重复性，特别是高程分量的重复性有明显改善；在大多数情况下，尤以随机参数模型为佳，其垂直分量的重复性精度较单参数模型可提高一倍左右。     

Trace Gas Measurements Between Moscow and Vladivostok Using the Trans-Siberian Railroad

Using a laboratory wagon traveling along the Trans-Siberian railroad, O₃, NO, NO₂, CO, CH₄, SF₆ and black carbon aerosol have been measured during the summer of 1996. The expedition from Niznij Novgorod (500 km east of Moscow) to Vladivostok (and back to Moscow) has shown the great potential of the train method; here the first results are presented and discussed. A wealth of boundary layer air data was obtained during the over 18000 km travel without serious contamination problems from the electric train itself. The diurnal O₃ cycle peaked generally below 50 nmole/mole, showed the effects of changes in J(NO₂), and often dropped to a few nmole/mole at night time during inversions. Over the vast Siberian lowlands situated between the Ural mountains and the river Yenisey, CH₄ levels were consistently elevated at around 1.95 µmole/mole, which we mainly attribute to wetland emissions. Over eastern Siberia, however, CH₄ levels were generally lower at 1.85 µmole/mole. In contrast, over the west Siberian lowlands, CO levels were relatively low, often reaching values of only 110 nmole/mole, whereas over eastern Siberia CO levels were higher. Very high CO levels were detected over a 2000 km section east of Chita, along the river Amur, which represented an enormous polluted air mass. ¹⁴C analysis performed on several CO samples confirms that the origin was biomass burning. SF₆, which was measured as a general conserved tracer, showed an eastward attenuation from 4.0 to 3.9 pmole/mole, with peaks in a number of places due to local Russian emissions.     

Peroxy Radical Kinetics Resulting from the OH-Initiated Oxidation of 1,3-Butadiene, 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-Butadiene and Isoprene

The laser flash photolysis/UV absorption spectrometry technique has been used to investigate the kinetics of the peroxy radical permutation reactions (i.e. self and cross reactions) arising from the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), and of the simpler, but related conjugated dienes, 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene. The results of the two simpler systems are analysed to provide values of the rate coefficients for the 6 peroxy radical permutation reactions of the three types of isomeric peroxy radical produced in each system (T = 298 K, P = 760 Torr). The rate coefficients are all significantly larger than values estimated previously by extrapolation of structure-reactivity relationships based on the kinetics of a limited dataset of simpler radicals containing similar structural features. The results are discussed in terms of trends in self and cross reaction reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary peroxy radicals containing combinations of allyl, -hydroxy and -hydroxy functionalities. Since the peroxy radicals formed in these systems are structurally very similar to those formed in the isoprene system, the kinetic parameters derived from the results of the simpler systems are used to assist the assignment of kinetic parameters to the 21 permutation reactions of the six types of isomeric peroxy radical generated in the isoprene system. Kinetic models describing the OH-initiated degradation of all three conjugated dienes to first generation products in the absence of NO_x are recommended, which are also consistent with available end product studies. The model for isoprene is considered to be a further improvement on that suggested previously for its OH-initiated oxidation in the absence of NO_x. The mechanism is further extended to include chemistry applicable to NO_x-present conditions, and calculated product yields are compared with those reported in the literature.     

Numerical integration errors in calculated tropospheric photodissociation rate coefficients

Tropospheric photodissociation rate coefficients (J values) were calculated for NO₂, O₃, HNO₂, CH₂O, and CH₃CHO using high spectral resolution (0.1 mm wavelength increments), and compared to the J values obtained with numerically degraded resolution (=1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 nm, and several commonly used nonuniform grids). Depending on the molecule, substantial errors can be introduced by the larger increments. Thus for =10 nm, errors are less than 1% for NO₂, less than 2% for HNO₂, +6.5% to -16% for CH₂O, -6.9% to +24% for CH₃CHO, and -24% to +110% for O₃. The errors for CH₂O arise from the fine structure of its absorption spectrum, and are prevalently negative (underestimate of J). The errors for O₃, and to a lesser extent for CH₃CHO, arise mainly from under-resolving the overlap of the molecular action spectrum and the tropospheric actinic flux in the wavelength region of stratospheric ozone attenuation. The sign of those errors depends on whether the actinic flux is averaged onto the grid before or after the radiative transfer calculation. In all cases studied, grids with 2 nm produced errors no larger than 5%.     

利用小波变换对暴雨过程中GNSS气象要素的初步探索

利用小波分解对地基GNSS获取的可降水量(PWV)、气压和对流层延迟(ZTD)等时序进行处理和分析,以暴雨的实际降水量作为判别依据。研究结果表明,1 h间隔PWV与ZTD的小波高频分解系数接近,均能够从中提取暴雨预报特征信息,可用高频ZTD代替PWV进行小波分析;频率在30 min-1h之间的ZTD,预报时间信息应在第1~3层级进行搜寻,30 min以下频率的应在第3~5层级进行搜寻;db4小波分解PWV的暴雨预报阈值可设为-1.2,db4小波分解ZTD的暴雨预报阈值可设置为-0.007,db2小波分解ZTD的暴雨预报阈值可设为-0.01。     

一种适用于对流层干延迟的新的几何映射函数

本文提出了一种新的对流层干延迟映射函数,此模型形式简洁,精度较高,是完全应用几何方法得出的,模型只与大气的有效高度有关,不包含任何气象因素,适用于动态定位及导航。文中通过实验在不同高度角、不同纬度与目前最常用的CFA2·2和Niell映射函数进行了比较,结果表明,在高度角大于6度时此函数与这两种模型精度相当,得到了非常理想的效果。