滑坡次生灾害损失评估方法研究

针对目前滑坡灾害破坏损失评估研究还没有涉及滑坡次生灾害破坏损失评估方面的研究,提出并建立了滑坡次生灾害破坏损失的评估模型与方法。应用故障树分析法（FTA）和事件树分析法（ETA）相结合的因果图方法对滑坡次生灾害作可靠性分析,由此对滑坡次生灾害损失进行了预测及评估。     

Numerical simulation of NAPL flow in the subsurface

A three-dimensional, three-phase numerical model is presented for simulating the movement of immiscible fluids, including nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), through porous media. The model is designed to simulate soil flume experiments and for practical application to a wide variety of contamination scenarios involving light or dense NAPLs in heterogeneous subsurface systems. The model is derived for the three-phase flow of water, NAPL, and air in porous media. The basic governing equations are based upon the mass conservation of the constitutents within the phases. The descretization chosen to transform the governing equations into the approximating equations, although logically regular, is very general. The approximating equations are a set of simultaneous coupled nonlinear equations which are solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The linear system solutions needed for the Newton-Raphson method are obtained using a matrix of preconditioner/accelerator iterative methods. Because of the special way the governing equations are implemented, the model is capable of simulating many of the phenomena considered necessary for the sucessful simulation of field problems including entry pressure phenomena, entrapment, and preferential flow paths. The model is verified by comparing it with several exact analytic test solutions and three soil flume experiments involving the introduction and movement of light nonaqueous-phase liquid (LNAPL) or dense nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) in heterogeneous sand containing a watertable. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

压裂支撑剂密度测定方法及应用研究

论证了支撑剂体积密度、视密度和绝对密度的概念与内涵,降低概念混用现象的发生。结合SY/T5018-2006和SY/T5018-2014两个标准,重新设计了测定视密度的方法、步骤和计算式。分析得出100 ml规格密度瓶是50 ml规格密度瓶测量值稳定性的7倍以上;用纯水做测试液比煤油的测量值稳定性高出2倍左右;选用100 ml规格的密度瓶,样品质量大于40 g后,会使测量值更趋稳定。支撑剂的密度指标主要用于压裂施工中的产品优选、压裂液携砂能力、地层造缝能力和变密度加砂压裂等方面。建议除非支撑剂为典型的亲油性物质,否则宜选择纯水、100 ml规格密度瓶、40 g左右支撑剂样品组合开展实验为宜。     

膨润土加砂混合物膨胀特性研究

通过有荷膨胀试验,对膨润土加砂混合物的膨胀特性进行了研究,分析了膨胀应变与轴向应力、膨胀应变与吸水量以及轴向应力与吸水量之间的关系,并建立了能综合反映轴向应力和吸水量对膨胀应变影响的混合物膨胀本构关系式。试验研究表明,膨胀应变随着轴向应力的增大而减小,两者之间的关系可以采用对数线性关系来表达;吸水量的变化对膨胀应变有明显的影响,膨胀应变随吸水量的增加而线性的增大;而吸水量受到轴向应力的影响,随着轴向应力的增大,吸水量减少,在轴向应力一定时,吸水量会达到一个最终的饱和值。由于考虑了膨胀变形过程中吸水量的变化,所建立的膨胀本构关系式能较好地反映膨润土加砂混合物的膨胀特性。     

The postglacial history of three Picea species in New England, USA

Given the difficulty of separating the three Picea species—P. glauca, P. mariana, and P. rubens (white, black, and red spruce)—in the pollen record, little is known about their unique histories in eastern North America following deglaciation. Here we report the first use of a classification tree analysis (CART) to distinguish pollen grains of these species. It was successfully applied to fossil pollen from eight sites in Maine and one in Massachusetts. We focused on the late glacial/early Holocene (14,000 to 8000 cal yr B.P.) and the late Holocene (1400 cal yr B.P. to present)—the two key periods since deglaciation when Picea has been abundant in the region. The result shows a shift from a Picea forest of P. glauca and P. mariana in the late glacial to a forest of P. rubens and P. mariana in the late Holocene. The small number of P. rubens grains identified from the late glacial/early Holocene samples (<5%) suggests that that species was either absent or rare at most of the sites. The occurrence and distribution of the three species do not reveal any geographic or temporal trend during late glacial time, but the data suggest that they were distributed in local patches on the landscape. The results of this study indicate that the recent population expansion of Picea (1000 to 500 cal yr B.P.) was likely the first time since deglaciation that P. rubens was abundant in the region.     

应用地震波形分类技术识别岩相的适用性和局限性

地震波形分类技术在识别和划分岩相的应用中有其独特的优点,但也存在一定的局限性。通过针对不同岩相的大量实践,深入探讨了影响该技术的应用条件,系统总结了该技术识别岩相的适用性和局限性。研究表明:时窗类型及大小、地震属性体的选择是影响波形分类结果最重要的因素;不同的岩相在地震振幅、频率、相位、时间厚度上存在差异性是正确应用波形分类方法的前提;当岩相间的地震响应差别不明显,或同一岩相横向波形变化较快,无法建立统一的岩相地震波形特征时,波形分类方法的结果不能准确地划分岩相,也没有明确的地质意义。回归到岩相地震响应特点的分析,建立地震响应与岩相的对应关系,开展波形分类技术应用的先验性研究,是成功应用该技术的基础和关键。     

基于WBS-RBS的地铁基坑故障树风险识别与分析

针对地铁基坑工程环境复杂、影响因素多的特点,提出以故障树分析为基础结合工作分解结构（WBS）-风险分解结构（WBS）进行风险识别的方法。此方法引入WBS-RBS将地铁基坑工程工作分解结构和风险源分解结构耦合判断并说明相应风险因素或风险事件,并按照故障树建树原则根据彼此间的逻辑关系,用逻辑门连接上下层事件,形成地铁基坑工程主要故障树。在此基础上,对风险因素进行敏感性分析并提出相应的预防措施。     

基质吸力变化引起的体积应变研究

与降雨有关的边坡表层变形位移,其根源是基质吸力降低引起的非饱和土体积应变。利用某滑坡体的原状样及其重塑样,分别在100kPa、200kPa围压作用下,采用单纯增加基质吸力的应力路径,对基质吸力引起的体积应变,进行试验测试。结果显示: (1)试样的体应变,随基质吸力的增大,单调增大,服从对数函数关系;(2)围压由100kPa增加到200kPa的试样体积模量,随基质吸力的增大,单调增大,服从幂函数关系;(3)与基质吸力有关的体积变化系数,随基质吸力的增大,单调减小,服从幂函数关系;并且当基质吸力大于200kPa以后,随基质吸力增大,体积变化系数接近于常数,约为0.0059左右。在此基础上,本文针对这种由单纯基质吸力变化引起的非饱和土体积应变规律及机理,进行了探讨。     

Estimating coefficients of volume compressibility from compression of strata and piezometric changes in a multiaquifer system in west Taiwan

This paper estimates the coefficients of volume compressibility from variation in compressible layer thickness and changes in piezometric heads by using detail ground surface surveys and a multilayer monitoring well at a selected site (Shigang) within the Choshui River alluvial fan in west Taiwan. The paper integrates various types of in situ monitoring tools, including leveling surveys, continuous global position system (GPS) stations, multilevel layer compression and groundwater pressure head-monitoring wells, to investigate the situation and progress of the subsidence problem in the region. The results from the cross-analyses of the measured data show that surface settlement caused by the compression of strata is between the depths of 60 and 210 m where the clayey stratum within 120-180 m was most pronounced and contributes up to 53% of the total compression. The results indicate that the clayey stratum is under normal consolidation. The results also reflect the fact that 20% of settlement contribution comes from the sandy stratum within 90-120 m; the elasto-plastic behavior of this sandy stratum is clear. The coefficients of volume compressibility of the clayey and sandy stratum analysed from the stratum's compression records; they were 6.38×10⁻⁸ and 5.71×10⁻⁹ m²/N, respectively. Ultimately, this parameter estimation would permit to control and predict land subsidence based on change in pressure head which are related to groundwater extraction.