溶质类型与矿化度对土壤水分扩散率的影响

以甘肃省秦安县果园石灰性土壤为研究对象,采用水平土柱入渗法,探讨了不同矿化度下(lg/L、3g/L、5g/L、10g/L)的三种钠盐(Nacl、Na2SO4和Na2CO3)对石灰性土壤水分扩散率的影响.结果表明:在水盐复合迁移体系中盐分与水分迁移具有不同步性,影响不同步性的因子与盐分类型有很大关系.NaCl对水分移动速...     

基于人格特质的城市居民出游行为偏好研究——以武汉市为例

基于人格特质这一视角,结合旅游消费者购买决策程序理论,探讨和研究城市居民的出游行为偏好。首先,运用5因素人格特质量表测量了武汉市居民的人格特质,在此基础上运用聚类分析和判别分析,将潜在旅游者细分成不同人格特质类型的人群,其次,运用卡方检验、交叉分析等方法具体分析了不同人格类型的武汉市居民在出游行为偏好上的差异性,得出的研究结论是:基于人格特质这一心理变量,可以把武汉市居民细分成外向随和型、严谨含蓄型、开放时尚型3种不同人格类型的人群;不同人格类型的潜在旅游消费者在出游行为偏好上也具有一定的差异性。     

Memory in place

Geographers and psychologists both seek to understand people's behaviour and their cognitive and emotional lives so it is somewhat surprising that there has not been more theoretical cross‐fertilisation of the two disciplines. ‘On time, place and happiness’ is a rare but welcome exception, showing how research in social‐cognitive psychology might usefully clarify thinking about temporality, place and well‐being. This commentary examines several additional human memory phenomena that geographers might like to consider in their theorising about these matters.     

沉积型一水硬铝石型铝土矿床勘查评价中 几个问题的探讨—以黔北铝土矿床为例

以黔北铝土矿为例,对沉积型一水硬铝石型铝土矿勘查评价中的4个问题进行讨论,并提出:(1)将勘查类型按普查、详查、勘探阶段分别用初定、暂定、确定来进行定性;(2)用"菱形孔"而非"矩形孔"的布置方法来解决勘查类型的变更与工程控制间距非整倍数的问题;(3)"地表工程间距加密一倍"的适用范围是:露采且处于"剥蚀区"内的矿体。地表露头线呈线状展布且上覆有岩层或虽也强风化,但仍保存原岩层层理迹象的范围,则可与勘查类型和勘查阶段同距同网;(4)普查、详查阶段中工程矿体边界A/S的取值可在1.8～2.6之间,以保证块段矿体中的A/S值达到工业要求即可。     

赞比亚铜矿床类型及地质特征

赞比亚是世界著名的铜产地之一,其铜矿类型可分为层控型、沉积型、变质改造型及热液型,以沉积型为主。据现有大中型矿床铜资源量统计,沉积型矿产铜资源量占赞比亚铜总资源量的79%。各类型铜矿床总体受卢弗里安(Luflian)弧控制,层控型铜矿主要分布在穹窿核部边缘,含矿岩系为莫瓦(Muva)超群的黑云母片岩、二云石英片岩;沉积型铜矿主要分布在背斜或穹窿外缘周围,含矿岩系主要是加丹加(Katanga)超群下部的砂页岩层。     

Examples of convective fractionation in high‐temperature granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt

Igneous rocks derived from high‐temperature, crystal‐poor magmas of intermediate potassic composition are widespread in the central Lachlan Fold Belt, and have been assigned to the Boggy Plain Supersuite. These rocks range in composition from 45 to 78% SiO₂, with a marked paucity of examples in the range 65–70% SiO₂, the composition dominant in most other granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Evidence is presented from two units of the Boggy Plain Supersuite, the Boggy Plain zoned pluton and the Nallawa complex, to demonstrate that these high‐temperature magmas solidified under a regime of convective fractionation. By this process, a magma body solidified from margin to centre as the zone of solidification moved progressively inwards. High‐temperature near‐liquidus minerals with a certain proportion of trapped interstitial differentiated melt, separated from the buoyant differentiated melt during solidification. In most cases much of this differentiated melt buoyantly rose to the top of the magma chamber to form felsic sheets that overly the solidifying main magma chamber beneath. Some of these felsic tops erupted as volcanic rocks, but they mainly form extensive high‐level intrusive bodies, the largest being the granitic part of the Yeoval complex, with an area of over 200 km². Back‐mixing of fractionated melt into the main magma chamber progressively changed the composition of the main melt, resulting in highly zoned plutons. In the more felsic part of the Boggy Plain zoned pluton back‐mixing was dominant, if not exclusive, forming an intrusive body cryptically zoned from 63% SiO₂ on the margin to 72% SiO₂ in the core. It is suggested that tonalitic bodies do not generally crystallise through convective fractionation because the differentiated melt is volumetrically small and totally trapped within the interstitial space: back‐mixing is excluded and homogeneous plutons with essentially the composition of the parental melt are formed.     

Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later

The concept of I‐ and S‐type granites was introduced in 1974 to account for the observation that, apart from the most felsic rocks, the granites in the Lachlan Fold Belt have properties that generally fall into two distinct groups. This has been interpreted to result from derivation by partial melting of two kinds of source rocks, namely sedimentary and older igneous rocks. The original publication on these two granite types is reprinted and reviewed in the light of 25 years of continuing study into these granites.     

Rb‐Sr geochronology and Sr isotopic composition of Devonian granitoids,eastern Tasmania

Biotite igneous ages and well‐defined isochron ages of plutons from the composite Blue Tier Batholith and the Coles Bay area in northeastern Tasmania range from 395 to 370 Ma. The older limit of this range, for the George River granodiorite, is considerably older than any age previously recorded for NE Tasmania. The ages of the youngest plutons (Mt Paris and Anchor granites), which host cassiterite ores, record pervasive hydrothermal alteration events. The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁰Sr ratios of the granitoids range from 0.7061 to 0.7136 and suggest different protolith compositions, consistent with mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of each pluton. The S‐type garnetbiotite granites (Ansons Bay and Booby alia granites) have initial ratios greater than 0.7119, indicative of enriched, high Rb/Sr ratio, crustal source‐rocks of Proterozoic age (1700–800 Ma). The S‐type biotite granites (Poimena and Pearson granites) have relatively high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7070, 0.7105) but overlap with those of the I‐type granodiorites (George River, Scamander Tier, Pyengana and Coles Bay granodiorites) which are in the range of 0.7061 to 0.7073. The initial ratios of the enriched altered plutons are poorly constrained, and on both hand‐specimen and thin‐section scales, reveal open‐system Sr isotopic patterns.

Isochron ages for the arenite‐lutite and lutite sedimentary associations of the Mathinna Beds, which are intruded by the granitoids, reflect an approach to Sr isotopic equilibrium during regional metamorphism. The metamorphic age (401 ± 7 Ma) of the early Pragian arenite‐lutite association indicates a relatively small time interval between deposition, regional metamorphism and granitoid intrusion. The isotopic age for the lutite sedimentary association (423 ± 22 Ma) is tentatively correlated with a Benambran‐age burial metamorphic event that has not previously been recorded in Tasmania.     

辽宁西丰大岩体的解体及其地质意义

西丰大岩体在辽宁省地质上占有十分显赫的位置,一方面它出露面积巨大,另一方面与其相关的矿产比较丰富.西丰大岩体未解体之前是辽宁省最大的岩体之一,位于辽宁省的东北角,南起清河,向北延至吉林省,在辽宁省境内出露面积逾2500km2.与其相关的矿产有铁矿、铜矿、铅锌金银钼多金属矿及萤石矿.根据构造-岩浆演化期次原则,按岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素年代学、岩体间的接触关系及岩体与地层的接触关系等,将西丰大岩体(辽宁省部分)进行了详细解体,重新归并成早二叠世、早三叠世、中侏罗世和晚白垩世4个侵入期次.其中早二叠世有3个侵入序次、早三叠世1个侵入序次、中侏罗世3个侵入序次、晚白垩世4个侵入序次,共划分为11个侵入序次.在此基础上对岩性的成矿专属性、矿床成因类型和成矿时限进行了专门研究.     

山西富东煤矿水害类型分析及其防治建议

富东煤矿主采煤层为石炭系上统太原组8、9、12、15上、15下号煤。近年来,随着开采水平的不断延伸,矿井水害日益呈现,对采掘工作面人员及安全生产构成威胁。以涌水水源与导水通道为划分原则,将整合后的富东煤矿面临的水害类型划分为采(古)空区及相邻矿井开采积水水害、含水层突水水害、断层破碎带突水水害、岩溶陷落柱水害以及地表水体突水水害,并分析了各种水害类型特点及其对煤矿安全生产的影响程度,认为在煤层开采过程中,导水裂隙带直接进入第四系松散强含水体或断层破碎带,若支护不当,雨季沟谷中的地表径流、各种含水层中地下水以及上覆煤层采空区积水都会通过断层及陷落柱等导水构造发生水力联系,对矿井造成威胁。指出了矿井水害防治重点,并提出了相应的防治水建议。