多波束测深系统时延偏差探测及校正方法

在利用多波束测深系统进行高精度海底地形测量时,各传感器之间数据采集时间不同步的问题,即存在时延偏差,这将会直接影响多波束测深数据质量,为此提出了一种基于最小二乘原理的多波束测深时延偏差探测及校正方法,给出了时延偏差探测及校正计算模型,设计了时延偏差探测及校正流程,通过实例分析,验证了所提方法的适用性和有效性。     

中国雾霾分布及其组成相关性分析

雾霾天气由于其对人体健康及交通能见度的极大影响而受到广泛关注。在收集相关污染物与气象数据基础上,基于GIS技术及最小二乘法和地理加权回归模型分析了我国2014年1月雾霾空间分布特征及其组成要素的相关性。研究表明,2014年1月我国各省会城市基本都受到雾霾影响,其中华北地区最为显著,华东、华南沿海城市具有一定的相似性;西南部地区大部雾霾污染明显小于其他地区。从雾霾物质组成上看,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)、CO、NO_2和SO_2之间存在微妙关系,随着其他污染物的增加,PM_(2.5)数值也会随之增大,其中PM_(10)和CO对PM2.5的影响是显著的。从研究方法上看,利用地理加权回归建模方法对雾霾及其组成成份相关性研究的效果(84%)略好于最小二乘法的分析效果(82.59%)。本研究可为了解雾霾空间分布特征及分析其相关影响因素提供参考。     

乐安河流域土壤重金属含量高光谱间接反演模型及其空间分布特征研究

选取江西省乐安河及其支流流域作为研究区域,探讨了使用土壤高光谱数据间接反演其重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb)含量的方法。选用偏最小二乘模型对土壤有机质含量进行高光谱反演,引入人工神经网络回归模型建立土壤有机质含量与重金属含量的相关关系,从而提取出土壤中痕量级的重金属元素,并针对其空间分布情况进行关联分析和对比分析。实验结果表明,此方法在反演Cu、Zn元素时可有效反映其空间分布特征,具有在类似泛滥平原区域推广的适宜性,也为该区域土壤及水文生态环境监测提供了相关参考。     

Achieving “Total Sanitation” in Rural African Geographies: Poverty,Participation and Pit Latrines in Eastern Zambia

Over one billion of the poorest people on earth continue to practice open defecation. A complex assemblage of factors, embedded within prevailing inequities and inequalities, continue to betray efforts to improve this. Subsidy-based projects have had little impact in rural Africa where sanitation remains under-prioritised by the state and donors. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) offers a new, people-centric approach conceptually grounded in participatory development. But despite its broad appeal, the CLTS policy narrative has become equated with quick results, low-cost, provocative language and the potential for community self-help. Drawing on research in Katete district, Eastern Zambia, this paper explores tensions between CLTS theory, policy, practice and local realities. Rapidly scaled-up by local government, poor management and stakeholder engagement effectively diluted the approach, and continued the “projectification” of the sanitation sector. Open defecation, both symbolically and practically, represented an embedded marginalisation from the modern Zambian state where multiple barriers to latrine construction coexisted in the context of fragile livelihoods. In such agrarian communities, CLTS cannot be conceptualised as a blanket approach quickly bringing total sanitation to the masses. For its strengths to be realised in contexts of rural poverty, a targeted strategy that builds local institutional capacity and iteratively scales-up over time is needed. But realising this in practice requires moving beyond a prevailing emphasis on “open defecators” to engage complex issues of power and politics in sanitation governance.     

地铁隧道结构断面测量方法及对比分析

地铁隧道结构断面测量的目的是准确的测出隧道开挖的实际轮廓线,并与设计进行对比从而计算超欠挖量。断面测量根据使用的仪器不同主要有断面仪法、全站仪法(机载程序或PDA控制)和三维激光扫描仪法,本文对这三种方法的数学模型、工作效率及测量精度等情况进行了对比分析,并得出了一些有益的结论。     

1997年3月9日日全食(英)

1997年3月9日的日全食是本世纪中国可见的最后一次日全食．对这次日食概况和中国、特别是漠河地区见食的情况作一介绍．这次观测结果基本上与预报一致,文中所列各表供观测者处理资料时参考．     

The relative role of constructive and destructive processes in dune evolution on Cape Lookout National Seashore,North Carolina,USA

Coastal dunes are dynamic features that are continuously evolving due to constructive (e.g., wind- and wave-driven sediment transport) and destructive (e.g., elevated total water levels during storm events) processes. However, the relative importance of these processes in determining dune evolution is often poorly understood. In this study, ten lidar datasets from 1997 to 2016 are used to determine the relative role of erosion and accretion processes driving foredune change on the coast of Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, USA. Beach and dune morphometrics reveal that dune toe locations have generally retreated since 1997, while dune crest heights accreted by 0.01–0.02 m/year. We develop three univariate metrics that represent (1) the potential for erosion, i.e., total water level impact hours per year, (2) accretion, i.e., dune building hours per year, and (3) the relative net effect of foredune accretion and erosion processes, i.e., constructive–destructive dune forcing (CDDF) ratio, and test the correlative power of these metrics in explaining changes in foredune morphology. The total water level impact hours per year metric explained as much as 66% and 67% of the variance in dune crest and toe elevations, respectively, across the nearly two decades of dune evolution. The greatest number of dune building hours per year and largest dunes within the study site co-occurred at locations exposed to the dominant cross-shore wind direction as a result of varying shoreline orientation. The CDDF ratio was positively correlated to changes in the dune toe elevation in approximately 70% of dunes within the study site, outperforming the impact and dune building hours per year metrics. Our results show that these three metrics can provide first-order estimates of dune morphometric change across multiple spatial and temporal scales, which may be particularly useful at sites where lidar acquisition is intermittent.     

MI琼脂法同时检测环境水样中总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌

总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌是表征环境水样中粪便污染的两个重要指标。对这两个指标的检测,传统的多管发酵法和滤膜法已经无法满足快速、准确的检测要求。而近年来能够快速测定的固定酶底物技术(DST)已经在国内开始运用,但是由于其检测成本较高,影响了其在基层实验室的推广,MI琼脂法的出现较好地弥补了这个缺陷。本文应用MI琼脂法检测环境水样中总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌,对其方法性能进行了测试和研究,选择国家标准方法——远藤琼脂法作为比较对象,通过菌种加标回收试验比较MI琼脂法和远藤琼脂法的灵敏度差异,通过实际水样的检测验证MI琼脂法和国标法是否具有等效性。结果表明:使用MI琼脂法检测总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌加标样品的平均回收率分别为89.2%和88.8%,分别高于远藤琼脂法的81.0%和81.2%,证明MI琼脂法的灵敏度高于远藤琼脂法。MI琼脂法和远藤琼脂法检测总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌的相关系数分别为0.9627和0.9511,都具有显著相关性,且检测结果没有统计学意义上的差异,证明两种方法检测总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌具有等效性。与国家标准方法相比,MI琼脂法具有灵敏度高、操作简便、检测周期短、检测成本低、可同时检测两个指标等优点,可以替代传统的滤膜法作为检测总大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌的新方法。     

基于精密三角高程测量的基坑变形监测方法研究

传统的基坑监测中,几何水准测量工作效率低,任务量大。针对这些不足,本文采用一种新的三角高程测量方法进行变形监测,该方法可以使全站仪在任意点设站,减少了工作量,在测量中,不用量取仪器高、棱镜高,减少了三角高程测量中的误差来源,提高了精度。通过分析三角高程测量的精度,验证了精密三角高程测量代替几何水准测量的可行性与可靠性,结合基坑监测实例,将三角高程测量的数据与几何水准测量的数据进行比较．比较的结果显示,该三角测量方法结合精密全站仪可以替代几何水准测量,在实际工作中具有一定的适用性和参考价值。     

Slope control on the frequency distribution of shallow landslides and associated soil properties,North Island,New Zealand

The extrapolation of results from field trials to larger areas of land for purposes of regional impact assessment is an important issue in geomorphology, particularly for landform properties that show high stochastic variability in space and time, such as shallow landslide erosion. It is shown in this study, that by identifying the main driver for spatial variability in shallow landslide erosion at field scales, namely slope angle, it is possible to develop a set of generic functions for assessing the impact of landslides on selected soil properties at larger spatial scales and over longer time periods. Research was conducted within an area of pastoral soft‐rock Tertiary hill country in the North Island of New Zealand that is subject to infrequent high intensity rainfall events, producing numerous landslides, most of which are smaller than several hundred square metres in size and remove soil to shallow depths. All landslides were mapped within a 0·6 km² area and registered to a high resolution (2 m) slope map to show that few landslides occur on slopes < 20° and 95% were on slopes > 24°. The areal density of landslides from all historical events showed an approximately linear increase with slope above 24°. Integrating landslide densities with soil recovery data demonstrates that the average value of a soil property fluctuates in a ‘saw‐tooth’ fashion through time with the overall shape of the curve controlled by the frequency of landslide inducing storm events and recovery rate of the soil property between events. Despite such fluctuations, there are gradual declines of 7·5% in average total carbon content of topsoil and 9·5% in average soil depth to bedrock, since the time of forest clearance. Results have application to large‐scale sediment budget and water quality models and to the New Zealand Soil Carbon Monitoring System (CMS). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.