遥感影像解译样本的一体化生产研究

遥感影像解译样本数据包括地面照片和遥感影像实例,是制作遥感影像解译样本数据库的基础资料。文中针对地理国情普查中遥感影像解译样本的采集、整理进行了研究,通过利用GEOWAY地理国情普查外业调绘核查软件完成遥感影像解译样本的采集、整理,实现了解译样本的一体化生产流程,并与传统的纸质调绘、PDA数字调绘进行对比分析,充分证明解译样本的一体化生产流程自动化程度高,减少了人力、物力,提高了生产效率。     

河北省风险普查信息资源元数据标准研究——以地震灾害为例

河北省第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查工作开展至今,积累了大量的数据信息资源,基本实现了地震灾害相关基础数据与其他信息资源的全覆盖。为稳固和提升普查成果、探索数据管理标准化路径,同时为自然灾害综合风险普查数据归集研究奠定基础,本文从综合防灾减灾的指导思想出发,构建地震灾害信息资源元数据标准及其扩展机制,帮助普查数据有效归集与统一管理,以期促进普查数据成果再利用,使普查数据成果更好地服务于地震灾害防治工作,进而促进大数据等现代技术在综合防灾减灾领域的科学应用。     

利用泰森多边形和格网平滑的人口密度空间化研究——以徐州市为例

在运用泰森多边形作边界替代得到徐州市区人口密度的分布图后,采用GCAWI法实现了徐州市区人口数据的空间化,提出了采用大小两种格网错置的平滑方法,并运用此方法得到徐州市2000年和2005年的500 m×500 m的格网人口密度分布图。结果表明:①通过对比两个年份的人口密度分布图可以发现,徐州市区人口密度在2000年~2005年期间具有南移东扩的趋势;②利用大小两种格网错置平滑的方法实现了对人口密度空间化与平滑两个功能,平滑后的结果表明,徐州市区人口密度的空间分布具有块状集聚、轴状延伸的格局,整体来看呈现出"大"字形的态势;③通过与直接运用核函数内插得到的人口密度分布图的对比可以发现,前者对反映人口密度分布的细部差异比较敏感,而后者仅能反映出人口密度空间分布的整体格局。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.     

The State of Geography Education Research

Abstract

College enrollment and Association of American Geographers membership data reveal a significant deficit in minority participation in geography and environmental science. The author asserts that this dearth may have its origin at the K-12 level, where science subjects are presented in a manner that alienates socioeconomically disadvantaged pupils. With recent research indicating that low-income and nonwhite communities are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation, it is pertinent that methods be developed to increase the number of minority students choosing to pursue environmental careers. Involving students directly in projects investigating the pollution in their communities aids in enhancing student interest. By participating in a lead (Pb) contamination study, students are introduced to several geographic subdisciplines including cartography, demography, and environmental geography. Students also acquire skills in spatial analysis, map interpretation, and graphic design. Complementing basic lead-soil field investigations with geographic information systems, spreadsheet, and/or computer mapping software, offers students a valuable high-tech learning experience.     

1982年以来中国省级区域城市化水平趋势

城镇人口数据不一致的问题非常严重, 几乎没有系统的省级区域城市化数据。这种情况部分是因为人口普查城镇人口定义的变化,部分是由城镇设置标准的变动引起的。人口普查是全国和各省区城镇人口数据的重要来源。但是由于人口普查的城镇人口定义在不断变化,城镇人口数据很多是前后不一致的,必须进行相应调整。本文首先讨论改革时期新的城市化进程,澄清城镇人口定义的变化,然后概括地说明估计全国和区域城镇人口所用的一个基于双轨城市化概念模式的区域方法。将调整后的1982年和2000年人口普查得到的城镇人口作为计算的基础数据,对1982~2000年中国各省的城市化水平进行估计。在估计结果的基础上,分析1982~2000年中国城市化过程的主要空间特征。揭示了1982~2000中国省级区域城市化发展的主要趋势。本文最后为将来城镇人口的统计提出一些建议。     

Estimating the Accuracy of Geographic Variation in Indigenous Population Counts

The ABS 2006 Post-Enumeration Survey was extended to include a sample of localities from the whole of Australia, thereby providing an estimate of census net undercount reflective of the enumeration in remote Indigenous settlements for the first time. The results revealed substantial undercounting of the Indigenous population in certain jurisdictions. At the same time, census counts in many locations were substantially higher than demographic factors could account for. The analytical and policy issues that arise from this revolve around a simple question: what credence can we give to observed spatial patterns of Indigenous population change? This paper seeks to provide an answer by establishing the spatial relationship between population change and net migration at the small area level. This reveals the detailed geography of census undercount and ‘overcount’ with the former common in remote areas and the latter most evident in regional towns and cities. The findings raise important policy issues about the proper interpretation of Indigenous population change data and the nature of estimates used to determine fiscal resourcing for Indigenous policies and programs.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: The Mexican Colonial Copper Industry. Elinore M. Barrett . The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society . James R. Beniger . Land Degradation and Society . Piers M. Blaikie And Harold C. Brookfield , Eds . La carte, mode d'emploi. Roger Brunet . France: les dynamiques du territoire . Roger Brunet AND Jacques Sallois , EDS. At the Crossroads—The Mineral Problems of the United States . Eugene N. Cameron . A Census of One Billion People , Papers for International Seminar on China's 1982 Population Census. Li Chengrui , ED. Les Milieux “Naturels” du Globe . Jean Demangeot . The Geophysiology of Amazonia: Vegetation and Climate Interactions : Robert E. Dickinson , ED. Tenn-Tom Country . James F. Doster And David C. Weaver . Family Farming in Europe and America . Boguslaw Galeski And Eugene Wilkening , EDS. The Geography of Urban Transportation . Susan Hanson , Ed. Combating Desertification in Developing Countries . J. K. Jain , ED. Cartography in France—1660–1848. Science, Engineering and Statecraft . Josef W. Konvitz . Distribution of Distances in Pregeographical Space . Hans Kuiper . Physical Geography Lab Manual: A New Experimental Approach . Neal G. Lineback And John M. Harlin . Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation , 2nd ed. Tom L. Mc Knight . The Desert Is No Lady: Southwestern Landscapes in Women's Writing and Art . Vera Norwood And Janice Monk , EDS. France: A Geographical, Social, and Economic Survey . Philippe Pinchemel , translated, by D. Elkins and T. H. Elkins. Gene Banks and the World's Food . Donald L. Plucknett , Nigel J. H. Smith , J. T. Williams , And N. Murthi Anishetty . Latin American Development: Geographical Perspectives . David Preston , Ed. Making Sense of Development: An Introduction to Classical and Contemporary Theories of Development and Their Application to Southeast Asia . P. W. Preston . The History of the Countryside. Oliver Rackham . The Third World in Perspective . H. A. Reitsma AND J. M. G. Kleinpenning . The Industrial Geography of Australia . David C. Rich . The Recruiting Game , 2nd Ed., revised. John F. Rooney , JR. A Cultural Geography of North American Indians . Thomas E. Ross AND Tyrel G. Moore , EDS. Eastern Europe . Dean S. Rugg . Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History . Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography: 7. Robert David Sack . Experimental Fluvial Geomorphology . Stanley A. Schumm , M. Paul Mosley , AND William E. Weaver . The New Urban Landscape . David Schuyler . Atlas of American Women . Barbara Gimla Shortridge . Impacts of Hazardous Technology: The Psycho-Social Effects of Restarting TMI-1 . John Sorensen , Jon Soderstrom , Emily Copenhaver , Sam Carnes AND Robert Bolin . Modern Physical Geography , 3rd Ed., (Third Edition). Arthur N. Strahler AND Alan H. Strahler . India: Economic Resource Base and Contemporary Political Patterns . B. L. Sukhwal .     

收缩型城市:认知误区、统计甄别与测算反思

收缩型城市是中国城镇化、空间规划与城市治理的全新命题。论文在简要梳理收缩型城市相关文献的基础上总结了当前收缩型城市研究在中国的认知误区。因人口统计口径不一致、划分标准不可比、数量属性与地域空间脱节等原因给科学清晰的识别收缩型城市提出了挑战。在周一星、史育龙（1995）建议的基础上,论文提出了基于实体地域对比与行政地域互验来分析全国城市人口的增减变化及收缩型城市的甄别框架,测算表明：全国有114个建制市2010年的“城人口”规模低于2000年“市人口”规模,但由于2000年“市人口”的偏大统计以及2010年“城人口”存在的“个别水分”,这些城市也未必就全是“收缩型城市”;在剔除乡村人口较高的“城市型政区”后,全国2000年和2010年人口处于净流出状态的建制市分别为56个和75个。论文认为：中国应尽快建立城市实体地域概念,推进城市化区域协同统计制度;要构建“时空对齐”的全国常住人口地理信息系统数据库并综合考虑各地行政区划建制差异,持续推进城乡人口的精准划分。     

Estimating relative abundance of juvenile brown trout in rivers by underwater census and electrofishing

Underwater census and single‐pass electrofishing were compared for estimating relative abundance of juvenile brown trout in the Kakanui River, South Island, NZ. Mean sampling efficiency was lower, and the variability of sampling efficiency was much greater, for underwater census (0+ trout: x = 0.38, s = 0.368; 1+ trout: x = 0.62, s = 0.822) than for single‐pass electrofishing (0+ trout: x = 0.61, s = 0.143; 1+ trout: x = 0.74, s = 0.171). Sampling efficiency of both methods was dependent on temperature. Electrofishing became less efficient at higher temperatures whereas underwater census became less efficient at colder temperatures. The low, and highly variable, sampling efficiency for underwater census of 0+ brown trout was related to substrate hiding behaviour which is dependent on temperature. A ratio method for comparing relative abundance estimates is presented. Minimum significance values for the ratio (R) were derived for 0+ trout using temperature adjusted sampling efficiencies. To be statistically significant, relative abundance estimates made by underwater census had to differ by a factor of 6–7 times, whereas those made by single‐pass electrofishing had to differ only by about 2 times, depending on the number of fish counted. By confining comparisons of relative abundance estimates made by underwater census to the summer period, differences of about 3.5–4 times could be detected statistically. It was concluded that single‐pass electrofishing is superior to underwater census for estimating the relative abundance of juvenile brown trout in shallow (< 1 m) river habitat, especially when temperature varies widely as with season and time of day.