一种面向对象的三维地下空间矢量数据模型

针对地下空间的真三维连续特性以及建模过程的动态交互编辑与分析要求,提出了一种新的三维地下空间矢量数据模型。该模型采用面向对象思想对地下各种空间对象进行抽象描述;利用模型中的线段要素增强几何元素之间拓扑连接关系的维持,为地质体的切割和地下工程体的开挖等分析提供了算法上的便利;引入拓扑面更好地表达了地下空间对象之间的拓扑邻接关系。该模型在三维地下空间数据的存储管理、查询分析以及实时逼真绘制等方面都表现出较好的性能,适用于地下勘探工程的建模与分析。     

建立盆地三维构造-地层格架的插值方法

建立盆地三维构造-地层格架是进行三维盆地模拟的关键技术之一.为了使一系列二维地震解释剖面转化为盆地的三维构造-地层格架, 必须选择有效的内插外推方法, 而插值方法的选择和空间分析的实现依赖于空间拓扑结构.在探讨基于B_Rep模型的盆地三维空间拓扑结构表示法及图形编码准则的基础上, 引进了适合于构建盆地三维构造-地层格架的几种形态插值方法, 并提出了一种新的方法———相似变形插值法.这些方法曾成功地应用于珠三盆地三维构造-地层格架的模拟, 能够很好地支持包括矢量剪切在内的各种空间分析      

Behavioral Diversity and Complexity Indicated by Metazoan Traces at a Topological Level since Proterozoic

INTRODUCTIONTrace fossils,which reflect the behavior and morphologyof the m etazoan in this paper,exhibit tremendous diversityand complexity of morphology at a Euclidean geom etrical lev-el,fitting into a relatively small number of morphological andethologic patterns at a topological level.Although no clearlyformulated guidelines are present in ichnology as to the majorcomposition of a useful and meaningful ichnotaxon and to therank of classification(Pickerill,1994) at which m orphologica…     

Improving 9-intersection model by replacing the complement with voronoi region

1 Overview of the original 9-inter-section modelThe spatial re1ations betWeen spatial entities areknown as important as the entities themselves. It istherefore very essential to know what poSSibIe spa-tial relationships are and how they can be deter-mined. The 9-intersection model is the most POpu-lar mathematical framework fOr formalizing spatialrelations and have been widely used in spatial querylanguages(EngenhOfer, l991; Clementinietal., l994;Mark et al., l995). Using this medel the t…     

Groundwater components in the alluvial aquifer of the alpine Rhone River valley, Bois de Finges area, Wallis Canton, Switzerland

Source, type, and quantity of various components of groundwater, as well as their spatial and temporal variations were determined by different hydrochemical methods in the alluvial aquifer of the upper Rhone River valley, Bois de Finges, Wallis Canton, Switzerland. The methods used are hydrochemical modeling, stable-isotope analysis, and chemical analysis of surface water and groundwater. Sampling during high- and low-water periods determined the spatial distribution of the water chemistry, whereas monthly sampling over three years provided a basis for understanding seasonal variability. The physico-chemical parameters of the groundwater have spatial and seasonal variations. The groundwater chemical composition of the Rhone alluvial aquifer indicates a mixing of weakly mineralized Rhone River water and SO₄-rich water entering from the south side of the valley. Temporal changes in groundwater chemistry and in groundwater levels reflect the seasonal variations of the different contributors to groundwater recharge. The Rhone River recharges the alluvial aquifer only during the summer high-water period. Electronic Publication     

Observations of a 2→3 Type Interplanetary Intermediate Shock

An intermediate shock-like event was observed by Voyager 2 on 9 January 1979. The discontinuity structure is well identified to be a 2→3 type intermediate shock by fitting the Rankine – Hugoniot relations. The shock satisfies the following conditions: i) the plasma density increases from the upstream region to the downstream region, ii) The normal Alfvén Mach number (M _AN) is greater than unity in the preshock state and less than unity in the postshock state, iii) The fast-mode Mach numbers in the upstream and downstream regions are less than unity and both the slow-mode Mach numbers are greater than unity, iv) The tangential component of the magnetic field changes sign across the shock front.     

砂土的流体动力学方程与本构模型的比较

目前砂土材料连续力学方程建模有两种途径,一种是源自于论证Navier-Stokes方程时所用的方法,称为流体动力学方法,主要针对普通固体、普通流体、超流、液晶、高聚物、颗粒物质等材料,它的基本做法是先给出守恒变量（如能量、动量、熵等）和对称破缺变量（如弹性应变、量子相位等）的一般运动方程,再用与具体材料有关的热力学函数和迁移系数来封闭它们;另一种方法是本构模型法,针对有塑性固体、非牛顿流体、砂土材料等材料,该做法特点是直接构建应力、应变、应力率、应变率、速度、密度、温度等变量之间的函数关系,并以此来封闭连续和牛顿方程。近年来采用这两种方法建立的砂土方程在文献上都有报道,因此,有必要对两者的特色、科学基础、适用范围,包括概念上的和具体方程等,进行比较,作为颗粒物理与土力学之间跨学科交流的一种尝试和沟通。通过比较得出,两种建模途径对表征砂土状态的完备变量集、屈服面、与塑性有关的耗散等使用了很不一样的思路和方程。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed is the article: Small-State Security in the Balkans . Aurel Braun. South American Development: A Geographical Introduction . Rosemary D. F. Bromley and Ray Bromley. Interregional Migration, National Policy and Social Justice . Gordon L. Clark. Marketing Architectural and Engineering Services . Weld Coxe. A Geography of the Third World . J. P. Dickenson, C. G. Clarke, W. T. S. Gould, R. M. Prothero, D. J. Siddle, C. T. Smith, E. M. Thomas-Hope, and A. G. Hodgkiss. Wildlife and Man in Texas: Environmental Change and Conservation . Robin W. Doughty. At the Sea's Edge . William T. Fox. Englewood Cliffs Geography and Ecology . I. P. Gerasimov. Urbanization in Contemporary Latin America. Critical Approaches to the Analysis of Urban Issues . Alan Gilbert in association with Jorge E. Hardoy and Ronaldo Ramírez, eds. The Coming of the Transactional City . Jean Gottmann. College Park Visions of City and Country: Prints and Photographs of Nineteenth-Century France . Bonnie L. Grad and Timothy A. Riggs. Worcester Soviet Geography Today: Physical Geography . N. A. Gvozdetskiy, ed. Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians . Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, eds. Urban and Regional Industrial Research: The Changing UK Data Base . Michael Healey, ed. Cuando se Acaban los Montes . Stanley Heckadon Moreno. A Panama Forest and Shore: Natural History and Amerindian Culture in Bocas del Toro . Burton L. Gordon. Pacific Grove Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900–1982 . Allen Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman. Soviet Natural Resources in the World Economy . Robert G. Jensen, Theodore Shabad, and Arthur W. Wright, eds. The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom . R. J. Johnston and J. C. Doornkamp, eds. Pluralism and Political Geography—People, Territory and State . Nurit Kliot and Stanley Waterman, eds. Landmarks Preservation and the Property Tax . David Listokin. Irrigation Horticulture in Highland Guatemala: The Tablón System of Panajachel . Kent Mathewson. Her Space, Her Place: A Geography of Women . Mary Ellen Mazey and David R. Lee. Man, A Geomorphological Agent . Dov Nir. Dordrecht The Book of America: Inside the 50 States Today . Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom. Rivers . Geoffrey E. Petts. Proceedings, United States/Australia Workshop on Design and Implementation of Computer-Based Geographic Information Systems . Donna Peuquet and John O'Callaghan, eds. Outdoor Recreational and Resource Management . John Pigram. Remaking the City: Social Science Perspectives on Urban Design . John S. Pipkin, Mark La Gory and Judith R. Blau, eds. The Crust of Our Earth: An Armchair Traveler's Guide to the New Geology . Chet Raymo. Englewood Cliffs Concepts and Themes in the Regional Geography of Canada J. Lewis Robinson. Vancouver Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization . Dennis A. Rondinelli. Beverly Hills Legal Foundations of Environmental Planning , Vol 1. J. G. Rose. Can We Delay a Greenhouse Warming? Stephen Seidel and Dale Keyes. Mobilizing Human Resources in the Arab World . R. Paul Shaw. Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota . William C. Sherman. The Future of Conflict in the 1980s . William J. Taylor, Jr. and Steven A. Maaranen, eds. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Edward R. Tufte. U.S. 40 Today: Thirty Years of landscape Change in America . Thomas R. Vale and Geraldine R. Vale. Madison Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria . Michael Watts. Readings in Historic Preservation: Why? What? How? Norman Williams Jr., Edmund Kellogg and Frank Gilbert, eds.     

Experimental Constraints on the Role of Garnet Pyroxenite in the Genesis of High-Fe Mantle Plume Derived Melts

The anhydrous phase relations of an uncontaminated (primitive),ferropicrite lava from the base of the Early Cretaceous Paraná–Etendekacontinental flood basalt province have been determined between1 atm and 7 GPa. The sample has high contents of MgO (14·9wt %), FeO^* (14·9 wt %) and Ni (660 ppm). Olivine phenocrystshave maximum Fo contents of 85 and are in equilibrium with thebulk rock, assuming a of 0·32. A comparison of our results with previous experimental studiesof high-Mg rocks shows that the high FeO content of the ferropicritecauses an expansion of the liquidus crystallization field ofgarnet and clinopyroxene relative to olivine; orthopyroxenewas not observed in any of our experiments. The high FeO contentalso decreases solidus temperatures. Phase relations indicatethat the ferropicrite melt last equilibrated either at 2·2GPa with an olivine–clinopyroxene residue, or at 5 GPawith a garnet–clinopyroxene residue. The low bulk-rockAl₂O₃ content (9 wt %) and high [Gd/Yb]_n ratio (3·1)are consistent with the presence of residual garnet in the ferropicritemelt source and favour high-pressure melting of a garnet pyroxenitesource. The garnet pyroxenite may represent subducted oceaniclithosphere entrained by the upwelling Tristan starting mantleplume head. During adiabatic decompression, intersection ofthe garnet pyroxenite solidus at 5 GPa would occur at a mantlepotential temperature of 1550°C and yield a ferropicriteprimary magma. Subsequent melting of the surrounding peridotiteat 4·5 GPa may be restricted by the thickness of theoverlying sub-continental lithosphere, such that dilution ofthe garnet pyroxenite melt component would be significantlyless than in intra-oceanic plate settings (where the lithosphereis thinner). This model may explain the limited occurrence offerropicrites at the base of continental flood basalt sequencesand their apparent absence in ocean-island basalt successions. KEY WORDS: continental flood basalt; ferropicrite; mantle heterogeneity; mantle melting; phase relations; pyroxenite     

Deduction and application of generalized Euler formula in topological relation of geographic information system (GIS)

Topological relation is one important characteris-tics of spatial data, and reflects the structural relation-ships among geographical objects, and is regarded as the core of spatial data processing[1,2]. Topological transformation has been widely used in diverse spatial studies, and in fact, the processing of geographical data is a kind of topological transformations[3]. There-fore, it is of significance to study the mathematical theory of generating and checking topological rela-tions in GIS…