离心模拟技术中运动学的物理意义

研究离心模拟中的运动学,有助于提高对离心模型试验结果的认识。笔者推导了描述离心模型中任一质点运动的整体速度和加速度的数学表达式。按照牛顿第二定律,在离心模拟中的加速度是连接运动学与动力学的重要因素。笔者描述了整体加速度表达式中各项的物理意义,指出了离心机稳定运转时的向心加速度、由角加速度效应引起的切向加速度、互补(复合向心)加速度分量、径向(原型的竖向)、环向和轴向(原型的两个水平方向)振动效应以及离心机臂伸长效应对整体加速度的贡献。分析结果表明,对于单向振动的动力离心模拟试验,选轴向(平行于转轴)为振动方向便于理解试验结果。另外,仔细检查了Schofield[1]对离心模拟中运动学的描述并发现其混淆之处。     

红格铁矿三维反演与地质建模

四川红格钒钛磁铁矿是我国重要的岩浆岩型铁矿石产出基地。在过去几十年中,对红格地区进行了不同程度的勘探,积累了大量地质、物化探资料。但是,这些工作比较分散,不同单位不同时期用多种方法开展了多种比例尺的地质、物化探工作,资料零散的分布于不同单位,没有进行过系统的梳理及研究。本文对红格矿区进行有地质约束的三维磁异常反演,建立了三维地质模型,并实现了三维可视化。分析所建三维地质模型,从宏观上推测了红格铁矿的成矿控矿规律及岩浆运移通道,微观上预测了红格矿区矿体空间位置、形态及控矿、容矿、含矿地质体的分布规律。另外,结合地质模型还进行了找矿潜力评价,分析了矿区外围和深部的找矿前景。     

The smoothness of HASM

To smooth noises inherent in uniformly sampled dataset, the smoothness of high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) was explored, and a smoothing method of HASM (HASM-SM) was developed based on a penalized least squares method. The optimal smoothing parameter of HASM-SM was automatically obtained by means of the generalized cross-validation (GCV) method. For an efficient smoothing computation, discrete cosine transform was employed to solve the system of HASM-SM and to estimate the minimum GCV score, simultaneously. Two examples including a numerical test and a real-world example were employed to compare the smoothing ability of HASM-SM with that of GCV thin plate smoothing spline (TPS) and kriging. The numerical test indicated that the minimum GCV HASM-SM is averagely more accurate than TPS and kriging for noisy surface smoothing. The real-world example of smoothing a lidar-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showed that HASM-SM has an obvious smoothing effect, which is on a par with TPS. In conclusion, HASM-SM provides an efficient tool for filtering noises in grid-based surfaces like remote sensing–derived images and DEMs.     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

software reviews are in this article BMDP/PC CONCEPTS COMPUTERIZED ATLAS EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE PROPOSALS (EAP) EXTRA: EXPRESS TRANSIT ANALYSIS MATC CAD MOTORS TRANSPORTATION PACKAGE PCMAP: Thematic Mapping Software for the IBM Personal Computer, Version 2.3 PLACE TRANPLAN . US-ATLAS     

Numerical modeling of cyclic mobility based on fuzzy-set concepts in plasticity theory

In this paper, the application of an efficient, transparent and accurate kinematic-cyclic constitutive model based on the fuzzy-set concepts and incremental plasticity theory is presented to show its capability in modeling cyclic mobility of saturated granular soil. The nature and kinematic mechanism of the membership functions in the fuzzy-set constitutive model are illustrated. The model’s capability of modeling soil dilatancy is investigated. Important features of volume change and pore water pressure build-up related to soil cyclic mobility are captured. The formulation of the proposed model is relatively simple and it can be readily implemented in finite element codes. The enhanced fuzzy-set model is capable of simulating ground motion problems particularly related to cyclic mobility, soil liquefaction, and spreading behavior.     

渤海湾盆地西部凹陷南段成岩相分析与优质储层预测

储层实测孔隙度、普通薄片、铸体薄片和扫描电镜的资料表明,渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段新生界储层在纵向上发育三个次生孔隙带。从而在一个普遍低孔渗背景下,形成了孔隙度相对较高的优质储层。优质储层的形成和分布主要受沉积微相和成岩作用的影响与控制。他们形成于河口坝、辫状分流河道以及心滩沉积微相,目前处于早成岩阶段B期—中成岩阶段A1亚期,发育溶蚀成岩相。该文通过模拟古地温、镜质组反射率、甾烷异构化率和自生石英含量随时间的变化规律,预测了西部凹陷南段成岩阶段和成岩相的横向展布。通过成岩相图和沉积相图的叠合,预测了沙三中亚段优质储层的分布。预测结果表明,优质储层主要发育于斜坡区的中部。     

Land-surface segmentation as a method to create strata for spatial sampling and its potential for digital soil mapping

Sampling efforts are constrained by limited availability of resources. Therefore, methods to reduce the number of samples, while still achieving reasonable accuracy are needed. Land-surface segmentation (LSS) has proven a powerful technique to partition digital elevation models (DEMs) and their derivatives into relatively homogeneous areas, which can be further employed as support in soil sampling. Though topography is one of the main soil forming factors, a robust assessment of the potential of this technique to digital soil mapping (DSM) is still missing. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the potential of LSS in stratifying a landscape into relatively homogeneous areas, which can be used as strata for guiding the selection of sampling points in DSM. The experiments were carried out in two study areas where soil samples were available. Land-surface derivatives were derived from DEMs and segmented with a tool based on the multiresolution segmentation algorithm, into objects considered as homogeneous soil-landscape divisions. Thus, one sample was randomly selected within each segment from the existing sample data, based on which predictions of soil classes/sub-orders and properties, i.e. soil texture and A-horizon thickness, were made. Results were compared with predictions based on simple random sampling (SRS) and conditioned Latin hypercube (cLHS). The segmentation-based sampling (SBS) scheme performed better than SRS and cLHS schemes in predicting the A-horizon thickness, soil texture fractions and soil classes, showing a high potential of LSS in stratifying a landscape for the purposes of DSM. The novelty of this study is in the way strata are constructed, rather than in the sampling design itself. Further research is needed to demonstrate the value of a SBS design for practical use. The analyses presented here further highlight the importance of considering locally adaptive techniques in optimization of sampling schemes and predictions of soil properties.     

Crustal Thinning of the Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

Magnetic data suggest that the distribution of the oceanic crust in the northern South China Sea (SCS) may extend to about 21 °N and 118.5 °E. To examine the crustal features of the corresponding continent–ocean transition zone, we have studied the crustal structures of the northern continental margin of the SCS. We have also performed gravity modeling by using a simple four-layer crustal model to understand the geometry of the Moho surface and the crustal thicknesses beneath this transition zone. In general, we can distinguish the crustal structures of the study area into the continental crust, the thinned continental crust, and the oceanic crust. However, some volcanic intrusions or extrusions exist. Our results indicate the existence of oceanic crust in the northernmost SCS as observed by magnetic data. Accordingly, we have moved the continent–ocean boundary (COB) in the northeastern SCS from about 19 °N and 119.5 °E to 21 °N and 118.5 °E. Morphologically, the new COB is located along the base of the continental slope. The southeastward thinning of the continental crust in the study area is prominent. The average value of crustal thinning factor of the thinned continental crust zone is about 1.3–1.5. In the study region, the Moho depths generally vary from ca. 28 km to ca. 12 km and the crustal thicknesses vary from ca. 24 km to ca. 6 km; a regional maximum exists around the Dongsha Island. Our gravity modeling has shown that the oceanic crust in the northern SCS is slightly thicker than normal oceanic crust. This situation could be ascribed to the post-spreading volcanism or underplating in this region.     

基于广州实证的后改革时代中国城市住房权问题

社会公正是当前地理学的一个热点也是传统研究课题。住房问题往往是社会公正研究和实践的重点案例。中国住房制度改革之后,中国住房拥有率及人均住房面积均大幅度提高。然而在住房分配的过程中,不平等和不公正现象时有发生。如何区别平均和公正,如何看待中国住房改革中的社会公平与不公共存的现象,是了解中国新城市现象的一个重要途径。本文从近期西方政治学和地理学关于住房权（housing rights）、社会公正以及城市权利等文献的讨论出发,通过在广州的实证研究,运用结构方程模型和Pratt指数对涉及住房权主要方面的住房分异的发生途径及其公正性进行综合分析。实证研究说明在住房分配领域,存在着制度因素延续下来所导致的分异。一些制度因素已经转化为市场因素,直接或间接影响个人居住条件和住房所有权的获得,并通过后者进一步影响住房分异。与此同时,纯粹市场因素的影响则相对薄弱。上述结论有助于了解当前中国城市住房权的核心问题,认识社会公正的发展前景,以及探寻减少社会不公正的制度利器。     

相控建模技术在羊二庄油田的应用

羊二庄油田的明馆储层非均质性严重,高含水、高开发后期的剩余油分布比较复杂,第一次油藏描述中应用传统的确定性建模方法已经不能满足剩余油挖潜的需要.采用RMS相控建模软件,通过构造建模、沉积微相建模、储层物性建模,建立羊二庄油田三维可视化相控地质模型,并实现了与数模软件的无缝接口.