Leaf area index retrieval using gap fractions obtained from high resolution satellite data: Comparisons of approaches,scales and atmospheric effects

This study is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of the large scale LAI inversion algorithms using red and near infrared reflectance obtained from high resolution satellite imagery. Radiances in digital counts were obtained in 10 m resolution acquired on cloud free day of August 23, 2007, by the SPOT 5 high resolution geometric (HRG) instrument on mostly temperate hardwood forest located in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest in Southern Quebec. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), scaled difference vegetation index (SDVI) and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) were applied to calculate gap fractions. LAI was inverted from the gap fraction using the common Beer–Lambert's law of light extinction under forest canopy. The robustness of the algorithm was evaluated using the ground-based LAI measurements and by applying the methods for the independently simulated reflectance data using PROSPECT + SAIL coupled radiative transfer models. Furthermore, the high resolution LAI was compared with MODIS LAI product. The effects of atmospheric corrections and scales were investigated for all of the LAI retrieval methods. NDVI was found to be not suitable index for large scale LAI inversion due to the sensitivity to scale and atmospheric effects. SDVI was virtually scale and atmospheric correction invariant. MSAVI was also scale invariant. Considering all sensitivity analysis, MSAVI performed best followed by SDVI for robust LAI inversion from high resolution imagery.     

廊桥立面测量方法研究

利用免棱镜测绘技术测量廊桥立面,通过测站改正、互换数据列等方法编辑处理,使假定坐标系下三维坐标数据转换成实用正立面数据,达到直接展点绘图目的。经点位精度分析,得出此种方法满足廊桥立面测量的精度要求。     

地性线的山地区域的卫星影像几何精纠正

提出了一种山地区域基于DEM地性线的控制纠正新方法,该方法以数字地形模型DEM为无几何变形的控制基准纠正卫星影像。阐述了提取沟谷、山脊、山峰和凹地区域的地性线的原理和算法,给出了山地区域基于地性线进行卫星图像几何精纠正实施步骤,进一步讨论了地性线提取、控制点采集存在的问题,以及解决问题的途径。实验结果表明,对于山地区域,地性线的空间数量数倍于水系、道路等常规地图层;地性线来源于DEM,其空间稳定性和可靠性更高,可以用于山地区域的卫星影像的严格控制纠正。用该方法进行几何纠正处理,几何误差能控制在一个像元的水平上。     

作物LAI的遥感尺度效应与误差分析

以黑河中游盈科绿洲为研究区, 利用Hyperion高光谱数据, 采用双层冠层反射率模型(ACRM)迭代运算反演LAI; 通过LAI的均值化(LAImean)以及Hyperion数据反射率线性累加反演LAI(LAIp), 定量分析LAI反演的尺度效应; 从模型的非线性和地表景观结构的空间异质性2个方面分析引起反演误差的原因, 并在LAI-NDVI回归方程的基础上利用泰勒展开的方法对低分辨率数据反演结果进行了误差纠正。结果表明, 地表景观结构的空间异质性是造成多尺度LAI反演误差的关键因素, 通过泰勒展开式能很好地实现大尺度数据LAI反演结果的误差纠正。     

Simrad EM多波束反向散射强度数据精处理研究

本文在探讨多波束反向散射强度与海底底质类型关系的基础上,主要针对目前广泛使用的Simrad EM系列多波束,详细描述了在数据获取期间系统进行的实时补偿,分析了反向散射强度数据中残留的入射角和波束模式指向性等因素的影响,给出了相应的改正方法。计算结果表明,本文给出的方法可对反向散射强度数据进行有效的处理,为正确使用声纳图像进行海底底质的判读提供了保证。     

海洋磁力测量空间归算阈值条件确定及其应用

对仿真和实测数据的空间变化进行了分析,得出拖鱼起伏高度变化对测量成果的影响量级与测区磁异常水平梯度变化的复杂程度有关。提出了归算的阈值条件,并通过实例验证了该条件的合理性与实用性,并提出当测区要求是一级、二级和三级测量精度时,必须将测量数据归算到平均海面上。     

ON THE NECESSITY OF APPLYING A ROTATION TO INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN RIVER FLOWS

In studies on river channel flow turbulence, it is often the case that the measured mean vertical velocity is different from zero, indicating that the frame of reference of the current meter is not parallel to the flow streamline. This situation affects the estimate of Reynolds shear stress in the streamwise and vertical planes and consequently the analysis of the flow turbulent structure. One way to solve this problem is to correct data by applying a rotation and this is reviewed in the first part of the paper. However, in fluvial geomorphology, the studied flow is often complex and streamlines may exhibit significant changes from one point of measurement to the other. In this context, applying a rotation complicates the situation more than it simplifies it. The second part of this paper examines the question of velocity data correction in complex flows using a field example of the turbulent boundary layer over a very rough gravel bed and a laboratory example taken from flow at a river channel confluence. In both cases, velocity vectors are spatially variable. In the first case, errors in the Reynolds shear stress estimates are relatively low (ranging from −13 to 7 per cent/deg) while in the second case, they are much larger (−200 to 164 per cent/deg). The significance of these errors on the interpretation of turbulence statistics in river channel flows is discussed. We propose that corrections should be applied in all clear cases of sensor misalignment and when the frame of reference changes spatially and temporally. However, no corrections should be used where different flow velocity vector orientations, not sensor misalignment, are responsible for the mean vertical velocity differing from zero.     

卷积码的维特比译码的计算机模拟

本文叙述了维特比译码器的计算机模拟程序的设计方法。对r=1/2,K=6的卷积码维特比译码器的性能进行了理论计算和实际测试,给出了试验结果并进行了讨论。     

X波段气象雷达回波强度的衰减订正

用KZS算法(地物回波)做标准来实现X波段气象雷达回波的微波衰减订正.首先对晴空地物回波进行多次采样,表明地物回波强度具有较好的稳定性.然后对业务性X波段气象雷达回波强度衰减订正进行观测,同时把订正后的回波与采用经验公式进行衰减订正的雷达回波强度进行比较,结果表明地物回波衰减订正法对X波段气象雷达衰减订正是可行的.