污染天气下成都城市热岛环流结构的数值模拟

本文利用中尺度模式WRF V3.9对2016年7月16日成都一次污染天气下的城市热岛环流个例进行了数值模拟,分析了城市热岛环流的三维结构及演变特征.并通过设计减少气溶胶光学厚度的敏感性试验,研究了污染对城市热岛环流的可能影响.结果表明:当地时间17∶00城市热岛环流开始形成.随着热岛强度增强,环流增强,城乡边界处的城市风锋不断向城市中心推进.19∶00热岛环流结构最显著.21∶00环流结构被破坏,仅低层存在微弱的乡村风.在热岛环流结构最显著时刻,近地面风场由郊区向城市辐合,地面以上2.0km处风场由城市向乡村辐散,辐散中心与辐合中心位置大致对应.此时城市风锋在城市处合并,环流的水平尺度约为城市尺度的2～2.5倍.当气溶胶光学厚度减小后,城市热岛环流尺度和强度以减小为主.特别是在热岛环流最显著时刻,低层乡村风风速减小,城市风锋最大上升速度降低,环流的水平尺度在西、南、北三个方向均减小,且高空回流高度降低.可能的影响机制是,气溶胶光学厚度减小后,净辐射通量增大,城乡地表能量通量差异增大,城市边界层高度升高.但城市边界层高度升高对城市热岛的抑制作用超过了城乡地表能量通量差异增加对城市热岛的增强作用,最终造成城市热岛减弱,环流减弱.     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of fluvial surface sedimentology and topography using personal mobile laser scanning

High-resolution quantification of fluvial topography has been enabled by a number of geomatics technologies. Hyperscale surveys with spatial extents of <1 km² have been widely demonstrated by means of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Recent advances in the development and integration of global navigation satellite system (GNSS), inertial measurement unit (IMU) and lightweight laser scanning technologies are now resulting in the emergence of personal mobile laser scanners (MLS) that have the potential to increase data acquisition and processing rates by one to two orders of magnitude compared to TLS/SfM, and thus challenge the recent dominance of these technologies. This investigation compares a personal MLS survey using a Leica Pegasus Backpack that integrates Velodyne Puck VLP-16 sensors, and a multi-station static TLS survey using a Riegl VZ-1000 scanner, to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) and surface sedimentology maps. The assessment is undertaken on a 500 m long reach of the braided River Feshie. Comparison to 107 independent real-time kinematic (RTK)-GNSS check points resulted in similar mean error (ME) and standard deviation error (SDE) for TLS (ME = −0.025 m; SDE = 0.038 m) and personal MLS (ME = −0.014 m; SDE = 0.019 m). Direct cloud-to-cloud (C2C) comparison between a sample of TLS and personal MLS observations (2.8 million points) revealed that C2C distances follow a sharply decreasing Burr distribution (a = 2.35, b = 3.19, rate parameter s = 9.53). Empirical relationships between sub-metre topographic variability and median sediment grain size (10–100 mm) demonstrate that surface roughness from personal MLS can be used to map median grain size. Differences between TLS and personal MLS empirical relationships suggest such relationships are dependent on survey technique. Personal MLS offers distinct logistical advantages over SfM photogrammetry and TLS for particular survey situations and is likely to become a widely applied technique. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽宁北部地区地形分异的生态效应

辽北地区东部低山丘陵区存在植被垂直分异现象,中部平原区和西部沙质草甸草原区存在植被水平分异现象.对它们与生态系统的相互关系进行了研究.区域地形特征直接控制和影响着地方气候和小气候、风化和成土作用、水文地质作用、表生带地球化学过程等生态环境条件,进而控制和影响着植物群落和动物群落类型及其分布.即地形影响和决定生态环境条件,进而影响生物界（植物、动物、微生物和人类）,地形与生物界具有相互影响和制约的密切关系.中小地形影响小气候,而小气候影响生物.     

高原东侧陡峭地形对一次盆地中尺度涡旋及暴雨的数值试验

利用MM5中尺度模式,对2003年8月8~10日发生在四川盆地的一次强降水过程进行了数值模拟。分析表明:MM5模式较成功地模拟出2003年8月8~10日发生在高原东侧陡坡地形区域的四川盆地西北部的大暴雨过程。在本次暴雨过程中,中尺度涡旋有利于盆地上空正涡度输送和辐合上升运动的维持,有利于降水的维持和强降水的发生。地形对中尺度涡旋活动的影响主要表现在:复杂陡峭的地形扰动有利于中尺度涡旋的形成。保留真实地形,在青藏高原东部到盆地西部,涡旋活动频繁;降低地形高度和坡度,不仅减少了涡的个数,还减弱了涡的强度,并改变了涡的生成源地以及涡的移动路径;不考虑地形使得青藏高原到四川盆地西部涡旋活动明显减少,且涡移动速度加快;仅降低地形高度而不改变地形坡度,对该地区的涡旋活动无明显的影响;仅保留青藏高原地形,高原地区涡旋活动频繁,无地形地区涡明显减少。数值试验还表明,地形与涡旋的活动及降水的分布密切相关。     

地表热通量对陕南强降水的影响

通过对2002年6月8～9日陕南大暴雨天气过程中地表感热和潜热通量的数值模拟表明:地表感热、潜热通量和温度的区域性分布与高原东部特殊的地形分布有关,地表热通量和温度的等值线与地形等高线大致平行,平原低洼地区和山脉所在地特征明显,从而可以说明地形热力状况在陕西强降水中发挥重要作用;地表潜热作用大于地表感热,去掉地表潜热的作用后,模式对降水的模拟结果与实况偏差较大;地表感热使山脊降水减少,使平原、山谷降水增加,这与夜间的山谷风环流密不可分。     

Alluvial architecture in headwater streams with special emphasis on step–pool topography

Alluvial mountain streams exhibit a range of channel forms: pool–riffle, plane bed, step–pool and cascades. Previous work suggested that these forms exist within discrete, and progressively steeper slope classes. Measurements conducted at over 100 sites in west‐central and central Idaho confirm that slope steepens progressively as one moves from pool–riffle, to plane bed, to step–pool, and finally to cascades. Median slope for pool–riffle topography is 0·0060, for plane beds 0·013, for step–pools 0·044, and for cascades 0·068. There is substantial overlap in the slopes associated with these channel forms. Pool–riffle topography was found at slopes between 0·0010 and 0·015, plane beds between 0·0010 and 0·035, step–pools between 0·015 and 0·134, and cascades between 0·050 and 0·12. Step–pools are particularly striking features in headwater streams. They are characterized by alternating steep and gentle channel segments. The steep segments (step risers) are transverse accumulations of boulder and cobbles, while the gentle segments (pools) contain finer material. Step wavelength is best correlated to step height which is in turn best correlated to the median particle size found on step risers. This result differs from past studies that have reported channel slope to be the dominant control on step wavelength. The presumed geometry and Froude number associated with the features under formative conditions are consistent with the existence field for antidunes and by extension with the hypothesis that step–pools are formed by antidunes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wave-Current Propagation over a Frictional Topography

—In this paper the parabolic approximation model based on mild-slope equation is used tostudy wave propagation over a slowly varying and frictional topography under wave-current interaction.A governing equation considering the friction effects is derived by the authors for the first time.A simpli-fied form for the rate of wave energy dissipation is presented on the basis of the wave-current action conser-vation equation and the bottom friction model given by Yoo and O＇connor(1987).Examples reveal thatthe present computational method can be used for the calculation of wave elements for actual engineeringprojects with large water areas.     

钦州湾外湾水下地形地貌特征及沉积物来源

人类对海岸带的开发利用活动改造了岸线形态,严重改变海洋区域性流场、水下地形形态及沉积物分布。利用单波束测深、沉积物采样分析等手段,查明研究区海底地形地貌和沉积物分布特征,探讨其沉积物来源。结果显示:①钦州湾水下地形复杂多变,水深为0～20 m,分为中部钦州湾外湾水下地形区、东部三娘湾水下地形区、西部防城港东侧水下地形区及南部湾外水下地形区等4个区域;②地貌分为潮控三角洲、潮流沙脊群、潮流冲刷槽和水下岸坡4个主要海底地貌单元以及潮滩、海蚀平台等潮间带地貌单元;③钦州湾砂质沉积分布广泛,占70%,自茅尾海口门向外海沉积物粒径逐渐变粗,由砂质泥变为泥质砂,再过渡为细砂和中粗砂。沉积物碎屑矿物主要由石英、长石、岩屑、钛铁矿、白钛石和电气石组成,粘土矿物以高岭石为主,其次为伊利石、蒙脱石,沉积物来源为近源河流的陆源输入为主。随着围填海和堤坝建设,钦州湾外湾海岸形态变化巨大,伴随着落潮流速大于涨潮流速的峡道效应,水下地形呈现出槽脊规模和高差加剧,近岸淤积加重的特点。     

钱塘江涌潮对地形变化的响应研究

钱塘江涌潮以汹涌磅礴闻名中外,并对沿江防灾减灾带来巨大挑战,研究涌潮规律具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。采用涌潮数学模型研究钱塘江涌潮在地形变化下潮汐和涌潮特征的变化。结果表明,地形变化对潮汐和涌潮影响显著;随着地形的降低,钱塘江沿程低潮位下降,高潮位总体呈下降趋势,潮差增大,涨潮历时增加;涌潮高度和涌潮最大流速随相对Froude数呈先增后减规律,起潮点上移,涌潮传播速度增大;当地形降低到临界值后,相对Froude数小于1,涌潮消失。研究结论解释了钱塘江丰水地形涌潮大、枯水地形涌潮小的现象。为保护涌潮资源,维持适当的江道容积是必要的。     

中国城市规划建设用地标准及气候和地形地貌修订

城市规划建设用地标准是科学配置城市各类建设用地的技术规范和编制、修订城市总体规划的基础。针对中国现行城市规划建设用地标准存在的用地指标控制阈值高低差距较大、气候修订缺乏地域分异和地形地貌因素缺失等问题,本文按照“总量—结构”控制的建标思路,提出了标准建立、修订的分步式流程框架和定量测算方法,通过条件设定建立了普适性的建设用地基础标准,进而选择城市人口规模、日照间距系数、河谷地（山间盆地）宽度、地形坡度等关键指标,定量分析了各指标与基础标准之间的关系,形成与基础标准配套的气候和地形地貌修订标准。主要研究结果包括：确定了设定条件下适用于全国不同地区的由人均建设用地面积和人均单项用地类型结构控制的建设用地基础标准;按城市人口规模等级对基础标准进行了量化修订;定量测算了人均居住用地面积随日照间距系数变化的情况,提出了按纬度方向变化的人均建设用地气候修订标准;阐释了河谷地（山间盆地）宽度变化与公园绿地的配置,量化分析了地形坡度与人均建设用地面积变化的关系,建立了针对山地、丘陵地区城市规划建设用地的地形地貌修订标准。