Diffraction of P, S and Rayleigh waves by three-dimensional topographies

The diffraction of P, S and Rayleigh waves by 3-D topographies in an elastic half-space is studied using a simplified indirect boundary element method (IBEM). This technique is based on the integral representation of the diffracted elastic fields in terms of single-layer boundary sources. It can be seen as a numerical realization of Huygens principle because diffracted waves are constructed at the boundaries from where they are radiated by means of boundary sources. A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for such sources is obtained from the stress-free boundary conditions. A simplified discretization scheme for the numerical and analytical integration of the exact Green's functions, which employs circles of various sizes to cover most of the boundary surface, is used.
The incidence of elastic waves on 3-D topographical profiles is studied. We analyse the displacement amplitudes in the frequency, space and time domains. The results show that the vertical walls of a cylindrical cavity are strong diffractors producing emission of energy in all directions. In the case of a mountain and incident P, SV and SH waves the results show a great variability of the surface ground motion. These spatial variations are due to the interference between locally generated diffracted waves. A polarization analysis of the surface displacement at different locations shows that the diffracted waves are mostly surface and creeping waves.     

用T／P测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面高及海面地形

描述了利用Ｔ／Ｐ卫星测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面地形。处理了Ｔ／Ｐ５９～８２周（Ｃｙｃｌｅ）１９９４年第８３ｄ～３１１ｄ的数据，将５９～８２周数据分成两部分分别估计海面高，并分析了海面高变化。结果与Ｂａｓｉｃ和Ｒａｐｐ１９９２年确定的海面高作了比较。利用Ｓｈｅｐａｒｄ曲面拟合方法给出了３０′×３０′平均海面高结果，分别以ＯＳＵ９１和ＷＤＭ９４地球重力场模型作为参考重力场，计算了相应的３０′×３０′平均海面地形。     

水生植物对水沙运动影响的三维湍流模型

水生植物的存在改变了明渠内水流的流动结构,也影响着泥沙的输运。建立三维湍流模型,在水流控制方程中加入植被阻力项和植被密度项来考虑刚性植物对水动力特性和泥沙输运特性的影响。应用该三维数值模型计算了矩形水槽内淹没植被对水流水平时均流速垂向分布的影响、复式明渠边滩栽种挺水植被对水流深度、平均流速分布以及植被岛周围泥沙床面的冲淤变形的影响。数值计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,表明本模型可以有效地描述刚性水生植物对水流泥沙运动的影响。     

Large-scale Circulation Control of the Occurrence of Low-level Turbulence at Hong Kong International Airport

This study identifies the atmospheric circulation features that are favorable for the occurrence of low-level turbulence at Hong Kong International Airport [below 1600 feet(around 500 m)]. By using LIDAR data at the airport, turbulence and nonturbulence cases are selected. It is found that the occurrence of turbulence is significantly related to the strength of the southerly wind at 850 h Pa over the South China coast. On the other hand, the east–west wind at this height demonstrates a weak relation to the occurrence. This suggests that turbulence is generated by flow passing Lantau Island from the south. The southerly wind also transports moisture from the South China Sea to Hong Kong, reducing local stability. This is favorable for the development of strong turbulence. It is also noted that the strong southerly wind during the occurrence of low-level turbulence is contributed by an anomalous zonal gradient of geopotential in the lower troposphere over the South China Sea. This gradient is caused by the combination of variations at different timescales. These are the passage of synoptic extratropical cyclones and anticyclones and the intraseasonal variation in the western North Pacific subtropical high. The seasonal variation in geopotential east of the Tibetan Plateau leads to a seasonal change in meridional wind, by which the frequency of low-level turbulence is maximized in spring and minimized in autumn.     

THE WINDFIELD AND RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION INDUCED WITHIN A SMALL VALLEY: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND 2-D NUMERICAL MODELLING

The distribution of rainfall over small-scale topography of uniformroughness was studied both numerically and from field observations. Field data haveshown that small-scale topographic inhomogeneities (hills and valleys of afew tens of metres in height) substantially influence the rainfalldistribution over the inhomogeneity itself and also some distance downwind from it.According to comprehensive rainfall measurements carried out in a smallwatershed, windward slopes received less conventionally-measured rain than lee-sides.Moreover, on the windward slope rainfall decreased uphill, to apronounced minimum near the crest. In addition, directional raingages,situated at the bottom of both slopes revealed a pattern suggesting a reversedsurface flow on the lower slopes. This pattern persisted through a variety ofbackground conditions.To explain the observed data, a numerical simulation of both the windfieldand of drop trajectories was carried out. The windfield was generated insimulations using the Colorado State University RAMS model with a very highresolution (5 m in the horizontal). Drop trajectories were calculated usingan equation for the motion of drops in a flow field that incorporates currentexperimental results.A strong effect of small-scale topography on drop trajectories wasfound. The simulation results are encouraging and help to explain manycharacteristic features of precipitation distributions observed in fieldexperiments.     

华南地区太阳能资源评估与开发潜力

利用华南地区观测站1981—2010年的总曝辐量数据及日照时数数据,对该地区太阳能资源的丰富程度和稳定程度进行评估。结果表明:华南地区总体太阳能资源价值呈现为海南最高,广东其次,广西最低。华南地区最佳倾斜面太阳总辐射年曝辐量为1291 kW·h·m-2,比水平面高3%,总体处于资源丰富等级以上。稳定度评估结果表明:华南地区大部分面积处于稳定等级以上,其中海南2/3以上的面积处于很稳定的等级。结合地形数据和土地覆盖数据,分别以90 m×90 m和1 km×1 km的分辨率对华南地区太阳能资源的开发适宜性进行区划和可利用潜力进行分析,结果显示:90 m×90 m分辨率下可开发利用的Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ类地区的面积占华南地区总面积的80%以上,但其中裸地和灌木、草地仅占总面积的13.9%,而耕地和林地所占面积比例超过60%。受数据分辨率及获取年代差异的影响,1 km×1 km分辨率下太阳能开发适宜性区划结果与90 m×90 m分辨率的结果不尽相同,从而导致开发潜力也存在较大差异,在制定太阳能开发规划时应根据实际工程规模选择合理的数据。     

湄洲湾北部海底地貌特征研究与分析

为对湄洲湾北部海底地形地貌特征及其影响因素进行系统的研究,作者利用多波束系统对湄洲湾北部海底地形进行探测,结合研究区内沉积物及潮流特征,对该区域海底地貌特征及其成因进行分析。研究区呈现中部低、南北高的地形格局,其中中部深水区又为近岸深、中间浅的特征,中轴为潮汐水道,水道两侧发育浅滩的海底地貌特征。研究区沉积物组分以砂和粉砂为主,由于研究区大部分表层沉积物中细粒沉积物占主要组分,沉积物具有较强的黏性,而实测资料显示潮流流速较小,因此研究区在常态水动力条件下,海底沉积物很难被冲刷,海底地形变化受潮流影响较小。通过将2012年与2013年研究区的调查结果进行对比发现,研究区海底地形整体变化不大,个别区域地形起伏变化较大,据推测可能是由于人为的挖沙、港口疏浚等因素造成的。因此,短期内影响研究区海底地形变化的主要因素为人为因素。     

日照港西部海域海底地形与表层沉积特征

利用单波束测深仪和蚌式取样器进行了日照石臼港扩建码头西侧约50km~2海域1:2 000~1:10 000的水深地形测绘和底质分析工作。调查结果表明,日照港西部海域可分4个水深区,其地形和沉积特征如下:1)航道区,浅水航道区等深线平行于码头岸线,水深11m,经过疏浚已形成向南倾斜的四级阶梯地形,疏浚中心处水深24m。航道区底质以分选中等的砾砂为主;2)港池区,水深6 m,等深线与港池岸线平行,水深向南渐增,海底地形平坦,坡降比3‰。底质以分选较好的粉砂和砂质粉砂为主,近岸有少量分选较差的泥质砂质砾;3)涛雒-付疃河口区,水下三角洲地形明显,5m以浅等深线呈弧形向东南方向凸出,坡降比最大可达14.2‰,底质类型为分选极好的砂和粉砂质砂;4)浅海区,海底地形平坦,平均坡降比1.9‰,6~10m等深线呈NE-SW向平行向外海增大,近南扩码头端向东偏转,底质类型为分选好的砂质粉砂和粉砂,并呈平行于海岸线向深水区呈粗-细-粗的带状分布。底质类型分布与水深条件基本吻合,但深水区出现的底质粗化现象,分析认为可能与南扩码头的挑流作用有关,海底沉积物呈向南运移趋势。     

The effect of sloping bottom topography on the source-driven deep tropical circulation

ImODUCTIONInasedrinalseriesofPapersduringthelatel95osandl96()s,StonimlandANns(l958;l96()a,b)PresentedatheoreticalpictUreofthesoaree-drivendeepcirculaionintheoceanbasedongeOst-cd~cs.ItconsistsofaPole-wAninteriorflowresultingforavortexshetchingassociatedwithaslowuniformuPwellingthInllghouttheocean,andawestemboUndeqctirrentbalancingthemassbudget.Kawse(1987)formulatedalinear,tWo-layerbaxlinicmodeltostud}thedeeptroPicalcirculationdrivenbydeepwaterproduction.DistinctlydifferentfromtheStomm…