Topography-Controlled Soil Water Content and the Coexistence of Forest and Steppe in Northern China

The semi-arid forest-steppe ecotone in China is characterized by a patchy pattern of forest and steppe, with forest patches restricted to shady slopes. To address the effect of topography on forest distribution through regulation of available water, we calculated evaporation as a function of slope aspect and inclination. Field vegetation records from randomly selected sites with minimum slope inclination were used to test the simulated forest distribution. Seasonal and diurnal changes of surface soil temperature and moisture of shady and sunny slopes were recorded. Soil water content was measured during two growing seasons on both sunny and shady slopes with the same forest type at three sites located along the mean annual precipitation (MAP) gradient. Evaporation decreases with slope inclination on shady slopes, but increases with inclination on sunny slopes. The shady slope received 35% of the annual direct solar radiation received by the sunny slope when the slope inclination was 25°, and the contrast in annual direct solar radiation between the shady and sunny slopes further widens as slope inclination increases. Steeper shady slopes can support forests in dryer climates, with log-linear regression revealing a minimum slope inclination for forest distribution along the MAP gradient. The simulated minimum slope inclination for forest growth was larger than the observed minimum inclination, and the difference was greater in wetter conditions. A larger forest area fraction was considered to lead to a reduction in soil temperature and evaporation, as verified by soil temperature and moisture records and soil water content measurements. The slope-specific forest distribution in the semi-arid region of China can be explained by a topography-controlled soil water supply. Lower evaporation, resulting from lower direct solar radiation on shady slopes, allows shady slopes to retain a water supply sufficient for sustaining forests, and the existence of forests on shady slopes further reduces evaporation. Different tree species coexist at the xeric timberline due to regulation by slope inclination and aspect.     

汶川地震诱发山地斜坡震动的地形放大效应

汶川地震诱发大量山地斜坡次生灾害具有明显的地形分布特征,对其地形放大效应研究具有重要的理论及实际意义.斜坡震害调查表明,宏观地貌单元对次生地质灾害的发育类型具有控制作用,中高山区以大中型滑坡、崩塌为主,低山及丘陵区以山体震裂、小型崩塌为主;峡谷形态对次生地质灾害的发育密度具有明显影响,其中“V”型峡谷发育密度高于“U”型峡谷;单薄山脊、条形山体、坡型转折部位、凸出地形等微地貌地形放大效应明显.监测显示,不同方向水平分量地震波峰值(PHA)相差可达10余倍,研究表明:地形尺寸与地震波波长的耦合作用使得地震动水平分量放大显著.     

A simplicial complex‐based DBMS approach to 3D topographic data modelling

This paper introduces a new compact topological 3D data structure. The proposed method models the real world as a complete decomposition of space and this subdivision is represented by a constrained tetrahedral network (TEN). Operators and definitions from the mathematical field of simplicial homology are used to define and handle this TEN structure. Only tetrahedrons need to be stored explicitly in a (single column) database table, while all simplexes of lower dimensions, constraints and topological relationships can be derived in views. As a result the data structure is relatively compact and easy to update, while it still offers favourable characteristics from a computational point of view as well as presence of topological relationships.     

The scattering of Rossby waves from finite abrupt topography

The scattering of first mode linear baroclinic Rossby waves by a top-hat ridge in a continuously stratified ocean, with Brunt-Väisälä frequency that decays exponentially with depth below a surface mixed layer, is the subject of this study. A numerical mode matching technique is used to calculate the transmission coefficients for the propagating modes over the ridge. It is found that the scattered field depends crucially upon the stratification. For example, when the majority of the density variation is confined to a thin thermocline, corresponding to a small e-folding scale, gamma ^?1, for the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, a large amount of the incident wave energy is reflected by a small amplitude ridge. Appreciable energy conversion between the propagating barotropic and baroclinic modes takes place in this case. An asymptotic analysis for a small amplitude ridge is presented that confirms these numerical results. In the limit gamma ^?1→ 0, it is demonstrated that the scattered field in the continuously stratified ocean model differs markedly from the two-layer solution. The latter does not exhibit appreciable reflection of the incident wave energy for a small amplitude ridge. In conclusion, the application of a two-layer ocean model to describe Rossby wave scattering by ridges in place of a continuously stratified model cannot be recommended.     

The role of the helicity spectrum function in turbulent dynamo theory

Abstract

It is shown that, for general homogeneous turbulence, the anti-symmetric part of the spectrum tensor can be expressed in terms of a single scalar function H(k,ω) (the helicity spectrum function). Under the first-order smoothing approximation, the coefficients α _ij β _ijk in the expansion of the mean electromotive force in terms of the mean magnetic field are determined; α _ij is a weighted integral of H(k,ω), and β _ijk contains a part β(a)ijk which is likewise a weighted integral of H(k, ω). When the turbulence is axisymmetric, β(a)ijk contains Rädler's (1969a) “Ω ∧ J-effect”. It is shown that when the turbulence is statistically symmetric about a plane perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, then βij = O but the Rädler effect is non-zero. Explicit expressions for αij and βijk are given when the velocity field is generated by random forcing in a rotating medium. Finally, it is shown by means of a local analysis that the Rädler effect, in conjunction with uniform mean shear, can give rise to non-oscillatory dynamo action, and it is argued that this effect may be significant in the well-mixed interior of a stellar convection zone, where by symmetry the α-effect may be weak.     

Nonlinear internal waves in ideal rotating basins

Abstract

Starting from Euler's equations of motion a nonlinear model for internal waves in fluids is developed by an appropriate scaling and a vertical integration over two layers of different but constant density. The model allows the barotropic and the first baroclinic mode to be calculated. In addition to the nonlinear advective terms dispersion and Coriolis force due to the Earth's rotation are taken into account. The model equations are solved numerically by an implicit finite difference scheme. In this paper we discuss the results for ideal basins: the effects of nonlinear terms, dispersion and Coriolis force, the mechanism of wind forcing, the evolution of Kelvin waves and the corresponding transport of particles and, finally, wave propagation over variable topography. First applications to Lake Constance are shown, but a detailed analysis is deferred to a second paper [Bauer et al. (1994)].     

求解二维弹性半空间散射问题的波函数组合法

提出了一种新的波函数组合法,将体波与面波特征函数组合求解不规则河谷地形在不同波型以不同角度入射的非一致位移输入问题.新方法严格满足不规则河谷散射表面自由条件,克服了目前波函数函数展开法不能完备表达二维不规则地形散射问题的缺点.数值算例表明波函数组合方法具有精确、稳定、计算量小的特点,可以应用于结构-地基动力相互作用的非一致输入问题.     

起伏地形条件下流动重力数据处理方法研究

以地震监测为目的流动重力重复测量获取的重力年变信号通常在十几到几十微伽量级.但由于重力测点所处的地形高程不同,将空间测点直接插值得到的重力异常空间图像会叠加由于地形起伏引起的异常畸变.本文通过6面体模型定量计算了不同规模和埋深场源的地形效应;对青藏高原东缘地区测网的重力观测数据进行了分析处理,并通过位场曲面延拓校正技术消除了地形影响.结果表明,位场曲面延拓校正技术可以有效地改善重力数据质量,有利于更准确地圈定和认识异常的空间形态特征.     

起伏地表条件下三维直流电场拟解析近似方法

为了研究起伏地表条件下三维直流电场问题,基于全空间的拟解析近似理论,推导出起伏地表条件下三维直流电场的拟解析近似理论公式。将起伏地表条件下地下存在异常体时所产生的异常电场分为两部分,其中一部分为地下三维异常体所产生的体异常电场,通过对异常体的体积分求得;另一部分为由起伏地表所产生的面异常电场,可以利用对起伏地表地空界面的面积分求得。利用拟解析理论,对两部分异常分别推导体电反射函数和面电反射函数,得到起伏地表下电场积分方程的拟解析近似公式。该理论公式为解决起伏地表问题提供了一种思路,丰富了拟解析理论的应用,为直接进行正反演模拟、消除起伏地表对电法勘探的影响打下了基础。     

巷道超前探测散射成像处理技术

国内外在隧道施工过程中已开始应用反射波法超前探测前方小构造,如断层、陷落柱.由于前方的断层面、陷落柱界面起伏不平,所以接收到的反射波能量较弱,难以精确成像,而基了惠更斯原理的散射成像方法能充分利用地震信号的全波场信息,具有较好的偏移成像效果,散射成像为巷道超前探测提供了一种可行的成像方法.笔者通过建立巷道超前探测模型,分析了散射成像处理技术的效果,验证了散射成像方法应用于巷道超前探测的可行性.