Analytical solution to a bias in the TOPMODEL framework balance

The increasing need for distributed hydrological modelling leads to an intense use of spatially distributed predictions of physically based models, such as TOPMODEL as addressed here. The ability of these models to reproduce the internal behaviour of catchments physically is increasingly tested through field experiments (geochemical investigation, distributed measurements network, etc.). This paper will show that, in the case of TOPMODEL, an implicit approximation remains in the classic derivation of the equations that consists in neglecting the surface of saturated areas with respect to the total surface of the catchment. This simplifying, though unnecessary, approximation leads to a systematic underestimation of the catchment water storage deficit and to divergence in the water budget accounting. This may also significantly change the predicted ratio between subsurface and surface water fluxes in the total discharge. An analytical solution is suggested that leads to water balance accounting which is better defined, and more consistent in comparison with field water storage recording. It is expected that this work will ensure more accurate TOPMODEL predictions, consistent with the assumptions of the model. This will then improve the interpretation of comparisons between results of simulation and field experiments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EM2040C多波束系统在采砂量监测中的应用

多波束测深技术在现代水下地形测量中发挥着重要作用,已应用于海洋测绘和内陆水体水下地形测绘中。本文介绍了EM2040C多波束系统的基本组成和性能,并以系统在海砂资源开采监测中的应用为研究对象,探讨了海砂开采量监测的技术方法和数据处理过程。研究结果证明,EM2040C多波束系统能够快速、高效地获取海底地形数据,其精度满足相关规范要求,可推广应用于海砂开采量监测中。     

成都市冰雹的时空变化与地形特征分析

利用成都市1984—2012年冰雹日志数据,分析了成都市近30年冰雹发生的时间变化、空间分布和地形特征。结果表明:成都市冰雹主要集中在春夏之交的5月和受副高阻塞型系统影响的8月,发生时间集中在13:00—20:00。每年的冰雹日数在2004年前呈增加,最多时为8次,之后呈下降特点。东部的龙门山带降雹次数最多,受沱江水系的影响主要分布在官仓、柏合和书房,而北部和西南部降雹次数较少;主要受白马河水系影响,分布隆丰、安德和西崃区域。     

地形作用下的珠江河口能量平衡

The Zhujiang River(Pearl River) Estuary(ZRE) is a very complicated and large-scale estuarine system in China. It consists of two parts: the river networks and the estuarine bays. Not only is the network system one of the most complicated in the world, but also each estuarine bay has a very special morphodynamic feature due to the geological settings. Morphological boundary conditions have direct effects on the energy dissipation and balance. On the basis of a three-dimensional(3-D) barotropic model whose domain includes the river networks and the estuarine bays, the energy budget is discussed under the influence of topography in the ZRE. The elevation and discharge of this model are validated by the observations collected in July 1999 and February 2001. The results show that(1) the source of energy in the ZRE is mainly generated by tides and river runoffs, which have an obvious seasonal change, and(2) there are some typical hotspots where the energy dissipation is 1–2 orders higher than those in the immediate upstream and downstream sections in the ZRE. These hotspots are linked with the small-scale dynamic structures(SSDS) and morphological units. On the basis of the characteristics of the morphology and the energy dissipation, the hotspots can be categorized into three types: the outlet of the ZRE, the meandering river, the branch and junction.     

Wave propagation in semi-infinite media with topographical irregularities using Decoupled Equations Method

In this paper, a novel semi-analytical method, called Decoupled Equations Method (DEM), is presented for modeling of elastic wave propagation in the semi-infinite two-dimensional (2D) media which are involved surface topography. In the DEM, only the boundaries of the problem are discretized by specific subparametric elements, in which special shape functions as well as higher-order Chebyshev mapping functions are implemented. For the shape functions, Kronecker Delta property is satisfied for displacement function. Moreover, the first derivatives of displacement function with respect to the tangential coordinates on the boundaries are assigned to zero at any given node. Employing the weighted residual method and using Clenshaw–Curtis numerical integration, coefficient matrices of the system of equations are transformed into diagonal ones, which leads to a set of decoupled partial differential equations. To evaluate the accuracy of the DEM in the solution of scattering problem of plane waves, cylindrical topographical features of arbitrary shapes are solved. The obtained results present excellent agreement with the analytical solutions and the results from other numerical methods.     

国家基本地形图新品种的开发

为使国家基本地形图广泛服务于社会,拓展国家基本地形图的使用范围,对国家基本地形图存在问题的分析,提出了开发民用地形图和通用基础地形图2种国家基本地形图新品种。对2种地图新品种表示内容及表示方法进行了研究,通过实验证明该方法的可行性及应用前景,为今后国家基本地形图多元化与公开化应用提供理论与技术上的参考。     

穆瓦条纹测量的应用试验

本文在扼要叙述穆瓦条纹光学生成过程和其特点的基础上，着重介绍建立一种投资少的基准栅的方法、穆瓦条纹的计量以及穆瓦条纹测量多种环节中应注意的问题。对一个石膏模型进行了快速的测试，点位精度为±0.13mm。     

Measures of variability for geological data

Diverse global and local measures of variability appear in the geological literature and, along with methods used to apply them, have been subject to some debate. Measures of variability for three data types—replicate, locational, and compositional—are considered; the source and nature of the variability determine the appropriate type of measure. To illustrate the effects of these measures and expose their inadequacy when improperly applied, the variability of a three-column data set is interpreted under three different suppositions. Geologists need to be aware of the confusion and misleading results that can develop from the use of variance as a measure of variability for locational or compositional data.     

极地冰盖冰雷达探测技术的发展综述

分三个阶段,即早期冰雷达系统(20世纪60至80年代)、第二代冰雷达系统(20世纪8O年代至2000年)和新冰雷达系统(2ooo年之后),综述了极地冰盖冰雷达探测技术的发展。最后,展望了冰雷达探测技术未来的发展趋势。