黑河流域降水的研究进展与展望

归纳总结了黑河流域降水方面已有的研究成果,主要集中在流域降水的时空变化规律及降水的影响因子分析两个方面.在降水变化研究方面,对整个流域降水的时空变化特征与上游祁连山区降水的变化特征分析已有不少工作;在降水影响因子研究方面,对上游祁连山区地形与降水的关系研究在逐步开展;水分条件,气候变化、人类活动与流域降水的关系研究也取得了一些进展.这些研究使我们对流域的气候特征、降水分布情况及降水的地形影响等方面有了一定的了解.为更全面、深入地研究黑河流域降水机理奠定了基础,但仍需在以下两个方面展开深入细致地研究:1)与大尺度环流系统变化有关的水汽来源及输送对黑河流域降水的影响;2)与地形有关的局地因子对黑河流域降水的影响.     

Downwelling and upwelling regimes: Connections between surface fronts and abyssal circulation

Recent observations in the Sea of Japan show evidence of convection to a depth of roughly 1000 m in the winter of 2000, situated along the polar front. Numerical simulations have shown that this deep mixing is associated with both ageostrophic frontal circulations and pre-existing larger-scale downwelling regimes. The downwelling regimes appear to be a result of interactions between frontal meandering and deep circulation in this basin over bottom topography anomalies. The coupling between the frontal dynamics and the deep circulation are explored by analogy to atmospheric frontal circulations through the semigeostrophic Sawyer–Eliassen equation, solved numerically for the case of the Sea of Japan. As in the atmospheric case, a vertical coupling between the upper and lower circulations can produce a localized region of downwelling that can be conducive to deeper mixing than that forced solely from surface fluxes.     

山崩连续体模式之数值仿真(英文)

<正>Recent advances in landslide/avalanche modeling have been enabling us to investigate the kinematics of such catastrophic events with much more details.Taiwan is located in a region where seismic activities and extreme weather conditions frequently occur.One of their common consequences is the slope failure.In the past decodes,we witnessed at least three giant landslides:Tsaoling,Jiufenershan landslides,triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake in     

高精度海岸带重力似大地水准面的若干问题讨论

本文针对海岸带多源重力数据和地形特点,通过理论分析和试算,对若干影响厘米级似大地水准面确定的关键问题进行了剖析,得出一些有益的结论。我国海岸带Molodensky一阶项对高程异常的贡献在10～30cm,需在Molodensky框架中精化重力似大地水准面;精细处理地形影响是提升多源重力场数据处理水平的重要途径;地球外空间不同高度、任意类型重力场参数的地形影响、地形补偿和地形Helmert凝聚算法可以统一;重力场数据处理中大地测量基准不一致的影响会随数据处理算法的不同而变化,在多源重力数据处理时此类影响易变得不可预测和控制;将地形Helmert凝聚理论引入Molodensky框架,可以解决以其他重力场参数（如扰动重力、垂线偏差等）为边界条件的似大地水准面精化问题。     

浅海海底地形变迁对海上平台动力特性的影响

海上平台在服役期间,由于周围自然环境以及水动力条件的改变,使得其所在海域地形条件与设计时相比有较大的变化,这势必会对平台的动态响应产生影响。以老黄河口海域埕岛“中心1号”生活平台为例,通过现场实测和数值计算,分析了海底地形变迁对海上平台动力特性所产生的影响,为该海域未来平台的设计和施工提供参考。     

南海夏季风建立的模式诊断研究

应用全球谱模式 (T42L9)对 1 986年和 1 987年个例进行了一系列有、无凝结潜热加热和地表感热以及地形作用的单因子敏感性数值预报试验 ,对预报模式输出的大气凝结潜热量和地面感热通量的时空变化特征进行了诊断分析。个例敏感性试验结果表明 ,大气凝结潜热对南海地区西南风的建立极为重要。诊断分析结果指出 ,在南海夏季风建立前 ,中南半岛地区是强大的凝结潜热加热区 ,远比印度半岛地区强。地形和中南半岛凝结潜热的共同作用可能是导致南海夏季风早于印度夏季风建立的重要原因。 1 987年 5月份在中南半岛地区的凝结潜热量比 1 986年明显偏低 ,直到 5月底 6月初才明显上升 ,这可能是该年南海夏季风建立晚的一个原因 ,中南半岛地区凝结潜热的变化可能是影响季风建立早晚的重要因子之一。     

Effects of hillslope topography on runoff response in a small catchment in the Fudoji Experimental Watershed,central Japan

We investigated the role of different hillslope units with different topographic characteristics on runoff generation processes based on field observations at two types of hillslopes (0·1 ha): a valley‐head (a convergent hillslope) and a side slope (a planar hillslope), as well as at three small catchments having two types of slopes with different drainage areas ranging from 1·9 to 49·7 ha in the Tanakami Mountains, central Japan. We found that the contribution of the hillslope unit type to small catchment runoff varied with the magnitude of rainfall. When the total amount of rainfall for a single storm event was < 35 mm, runoff in the small catchment was predominantly generated from the side slope. As the amount of rainfall increased (>35 mm), the valley‐head also began to contribute to the catchment runoff, adding to runoff from the side slope. Although the direct runoff from the valley‐head was greater than that from the side slope, the contribution from the side slope was quantitatively greater than that from the valley‐head due to the proportionally larger area occupied by the side slope in the small catchment. The storm runoff responses of the small catchments reflected the change in the runoff components of each hillslope unit as the amount of rainfall increased and rainfall patterns changed. However, similar runoff responses were found for the small catchments with different areas. The similarity of the runoff responses is attributable to overlay effects of different hillslope units and the similar composition ratios of the valley‐head and side slope in the catchments. This study suggests that the relative roles of the valley‐head and side slope are important in runoff generation and solute transport as the catchment size increases from a hillslope/headwater to a small catchment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of groundwater and topography on stream drying in semi-arid headwater streams

Non-perennial streams comprise over half of the global stream network and impact downstream water quality. Although aridity is a primary driver of stream drying globally, surface flow permanence varies spatially and temporally within many headwater streams, suggesting that these complex drying patterns may be driven by topographic and subsurface factors. Indeed, these factors affect shallow groundwater flows in perennial systems, but there has been only limited characterisation of shallow groundwater residence times and groundwater contributions to intermittent streams. Here, we asked how groundwater residence times, shallow groundwater contributions to streamflow, and topography interact to control stream drying in headwater streams. We evaluated this overarching question in eight semi-arid headwater catchments based on surface flow observations during the low-flow period, coupled with tracer-based groundwater residence times. For one headwater catchment, we analysed stream drying during the seasonal flow recession and rewetting period using a sensor network that was interspersed between groundwater monitoring locations, and linked drying patterns to groundwater inputs and topography. We found a poor relationship between groundwater residence times and flowing network extent (R² < 0.24). Although groundwater residence times indicated that old groundwater was present in all headwater streams, surface drying also occurred in each of them, suggesting old, deep flowpaths are insufficient to sustain surface flows. Indeed, the timing of stream drying at any given point typically coincided with a decrease in the contribution from near-surface sources and an increased relative contribution of groundwater to streamflow at that location, whereas the spatial pattern of drying within the stream network typically correlated with locations where groundwater inputs were most seasonally variable. Topographic metrics only explained ~30% of the variability in seasonal flow permanence, and surprisingly, we found no correlation with seasonal drying and down-valley subsurface storage area. Because we found complex spatial patterns, future studies should pair dense spatial observations of subsurface properties, such as hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity, to observations of seasonal flow permanence.     

Quantifying ice storage in upper Indus river basin using ground-penetrating radar measurements and glacier bed topography model version 2

Ice reserve estimates is a fundamental prerequisite for water resources management. We selected the UIB (upper Indus river basin) as study area because it contains the most abundant mid-latitude glaciers outside the polar region, however, the ice reserve estimates remain unclear due to the harsh topography. In this study, we validated the parameters of the GlabTop2 model (Glacier Bed Topography version 2) using the ice thickness measured by GPR (ground-penetrating radar) and compared the “GPR-measured ice thickness and ice bed elevation” versus “the estimated results obtained from GlabTop2.” Integrated with IDW (inverse distance weighted) interpolated results of glaciers of various sizes, a reasonable parametric scheme (τ = 120 kPa and f = 0.8) of GlabTop2 was applied on vast amounts of glaciers in the UIB region. The GlabTop2 estimates indicated that the ice thickness of the UIB varied from 0 to 736.0 ± 110.0 m, with an average value of 74.5 ± 11.2 m. A significant spatial heterogeneity exists in the sub-basins. The Shyok, Shigar and Hunza that contain the most abundant ice reserve. Lesser quantities are stored in the Western Himalaya and Hindu Kush ranges, which account for 11.3 % and 6.7 % of the total ice reserve in the UIB, respectively. A total volume of 1162.4 ± 175.1 km³ of glacier can be converted to 1046.2 ± 157.6 Gt ice reserve; this is 13.6 times the annual average discharge obtained from the outlet of the Besham hydrological station. We aim to present estimates that can provide the baseline information for glaciology study of the Indus river.     

Influence of irregular topography and random soil properties on coherency loss of spatial seismic ground motions

Coherency functions are used to describe the spatial variation of seismic ground motions at multiple supports of long span structures. Many coherency function models have been proposed based on theoretical derivation or measured spatial ground motion time histories at dense seismographic arrays. Most of them are suitable for modelling spatial ground motions on flat‐lying alluvial sites. It has been found that these coherency functions are not appropriate for modelling spatial variations of ground motions at sites with irregular topography (Struct. Saf. 1991; 10 (1):1–13). This paper investigates the influence of layered irregular sites and random soil properties on coherency functions of spatial ground motions on ground surface. Ground motion time histories at different locations on ground surface of the irregular site are generated based on the combined spectral representation method and one‐dimensional wave propagation theory. Random soil properties, including shear modulus, density and damping ratio of each layer, are assumed to follow normal distributions, and are modelled by the independent one‐dimensional random fields in the vertical direction. Monte‐Carlo simulations are employed to model the effect of random variations of soil properties on the simulated surface ground motion time histories. The coherency function is estimated from the simulated ground motion time histories. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method. Numerical results show that coherency function directly relates to the spectral ratio of two local sites, and the influence of randomly varying soil properties at a canyon site on coherency functions of spatial surface ground motions cannot be neglected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.