Historical Landscape Change in Yellowstone National Park: Demonstrating the Value of Intensive Field Observation and Repeat Photography

Although transportation and outdoor recreation are well‐recognized aspects of national parks, few studies have explored these aspects from the perspective of human geography as a means of analyzing historical landscape change. This paper offers an innovative synthesis of methods for studying cultural landscape change over time through a case study of the historical geography of transportation, tourism, and outdoor recreation along the Howard Eaton Trail (HET) in Yellowstone National Park. We conducted research through a field course that combined repeat photography, archival research, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and traditional field methods. Results indicate that a combination of repeat photography and other methods can create an effective means of evaluating cultural landscape change; even short field courses provide opportunities for students and faculty to conduct collaborative research that provides powerful, multidimensional, situated‐learning experiences; and repeat photography creates datasets that may benefit future research and teaching.     

Stream network expansion: a riparian water quality factor

Little is known about how active stream network expansion during rainstorms influences the ability of riparian buffers to improve water quality. We used aerial photographs to quantify stream network expansion during the wet winter season in five agricultural catchments in western Oregon, USA. Winter stream drainage densities were nearly two orders of magnitude greater than summer stream densities, and agricultural land use was much more abundant along transient portions (e.g. swales, road ditches) of stream networks. Water moving from agricultural fields into expanded stream networks during large hydrologic events has the opportunity to bypass downstream riparian buffers along perennial streams and contribute nonpoint‐source pollutants directly into perennial stream channels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential of time‐lapse photography for identifying saturation area dynamics on agricultural hillslopes

Mapping saturation areas during rainfall events is important for understanding the dynamics of overland flow. In this study, we evaluate the potential of high temporal resolution time‐lapse photography for mapping the dynamics of saturation areas (i.e., areas where water is visually ponding on the surface) on the hillslope scale during natural rainfall. We take 1 image per minute over a 100 × 15 m² depression area on an agricultural field in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory, Austria. The images are georectified and classified by an automated procedure, using grey intensity as a threshold to identify saturation area. The optimum threshold T is obtained by comparing saturation areas from the automated analysis with the manual analysis of 149 images. T is found to be highly correlated with an image brightness characteristic defined as the greyscale image histogram mode M (Pearson correlation r = 0.91). We estimate T as T = M + C where C is a calibration parameter assumed to be constant during each event. The automated procedure estimates the total saturation area close to the manual analysis with mean normalized root mean square error of 9% and 21% if C is calibrated for each event and taken constant for all events, respectively. The spatial patterns of saturation are estimated with a geometric mean accuracy index of 94% as compared to the manual analysis of the same photos. The patterns are tested against field observations for one date as a preliminary demonstration, which yields a root mean square error of the shortest distance between the measured boundary points and the automatically classified boundary as 23 cm. The usefulness of the patterns is illustrated by exploring run‐off generation processes of an example event. Overall, the proposed classification method based on grey intensity is found to process images with highly varying brightnesses well. It is more efficient than the manual tracing for a large number of images, which allows the exploration of surface flow processes at high temporal resolution.     

多源遥感技术在地质灾害早期识别应用中的问题探讨——以西南山区为例

在对滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害的早期识别工作中,基于InSAR、光学遥感、机载LiDAR等多源遥感技术发挥了重要作用。针对应用中出现的一些问题,基于多个项目实践,总结了多源遥感技术在西南山区地质灾害早期识别领域的适用条件,提出了相应的应用建议。主要认识如下: ①InSAR对地质灾害隐患的识别效果受植被覆盖程度、地形条件和数据源类型的制约; 广域InSAR应用中,需注意数据处理关键参数的取舍问题,尽快建立InSAR识别效果的野外判定方法,统一地表形变区“变形程度”和地质灾害InSAR识别效果的评价标准; ②地质灾害光学遥感早期识别适用于“斜坡区域具有明显变形特征”、“历史斜坡灾害”、“泥石流灾害和潜在泥石流沟”这3种类型,在具体应用中应根据不同工作任务要求,选取适合的数据源,注意对地质环境背景条件的分析,不挑战“微变形”探测短板; ③相比较InSAR和光学遥感,机载LiDAR在高密度植被覆盖区地质灾害早期识别方面优势明显,在具体应用中,建议激光点云密度不少于30~50处/m²; ④贴近摄影测量技术适用于高位崩塌(危岩体)早期识别,该技术属于光学遥感范畴,识别效果同样受植被覆盖程度影响,在具体应用中应设置合理探测距离,其具体数值需根据危岩壁分布情况进行调整,建议不小于30 m; ⑤提出了“多源遥感技术手段综合应用,优势互补”“工作部署多层次布置”“注重交叉学科应用及解译人员综合培养”“尽快开展地质灾害信息化获取能力建设”等应用建议。     

登陆台风“摩羯”(1814)在山东引发龙卷的灾情调查与天气雷达识别

2018年8月13—14日,1814号台风“摩羯”（YAGI）由强热带风暴逐渐减弱成热带低压,在山东省境内造成强降水,并引发了系列龙卷。龙卷发生后,气象部门对龙卷进行了详细的实地灾情调查。通过对6处龙卷路径无人机航拍的高分辨率图像和现场勘察的建筑物损毁、树木折断、庄稼倒伏等状况的综合分析,判断发生在滨州市姜楼镇、东营市盐窝镇的龙卷达到EF2级,其他为EF0/EF1级。上述龙卷都发生在残余低压环流中心移动方向的右前方,且集中在残余低压环流外围偏北段雨带中的小型超级单体内;其中在滨州引发的龙卷距离残余低压环流中心最近,约150 km,在潍坊引发的龙卷距离残余低压环流中心最远,约400 km。这些小型超级单体在雨带中,自南向北或者自东南向西北方向移动,尺度都很小,发展高度较低,强反射率因子核位于风暴的底部,低层反射率因子的南端有入流缺口,呈钩状回波特征;低层径向速度产品有较强的正负速度对。用雷达系统原适配参数值计算表明,在调查的6次龙卷中,仅有1次龙卷发生前算出了中气旋（M）产品,2次算出龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）产品;用修改的适配参数值进行计算,在6次龙卷发生前都算出了M产品,4次算出TVS产品,优化适配参数可提前将弱的M和TVS识别出来,对龙卷的临近预警具有指导作用。     

鱼眼影像技术反演植被冠层结构参数的研究进展

快速、可靠、精确的评估植被冠层结构参数在大气一植被相互作用的研究中起着举足轻重的作用。从冠层结构参数的反演原理、冠层间隙度的提取、冠层结构的反演模型和丛生指数3个方面论述了冠层结构参数即叶面积指数（LAI,leaf area index）和叶倾角分布（LAD,leaf angle distribution）的反演方法,并从鱼眼像片的采集、分析和模型的假设等方面分析影响冠层结构参数反演精度的原因,指出未来鱼眼影像技术虽然是LAI和LAD间接测量的理想手段,但是受观测环境、相机光学特性和冠层本身的影响,反演结果需要通过验证来消除不确定因素。     

1992年新疆和田地区地震及地倾斜异常

分析了新疆和田地区１９９２年４月５日发生的Ｍｓ５．９地震和同年９月２日、１２月２５日发生的Ｍｓ４．６级地震的震前地倾斜异常情况。利用迭代法对地震平静年份的资料进行处理，做出正常背景曲线并与异常图象比较，收到了良好效果。另外还各单位介绍了田地区的地质构造背景及历史地震活动，并对常用处理资料方法的预报效能以及异常量大小和震级的关系进行了讨论。     

信息熵在地倾斜中的应用初探

本文把信息熵引入到地倾斜资料的分析中,在地震的前兆识别方面取得了初步成果。结果表明,这种方法对地震的短临预报有一定意义。     

大同─阳高6．1级地震太原台前兆异常

太原台１９８５年至１９９１年的地应力、地倾斜、连通管和地电阻率４种前兆手段的月均值具有明显的正弦形年变规律，且在年变背景上出现年变幅度的增大或减小。前３种手段还叠加有趋势性上升或下降。用差值法定量地消除年变以后，无震时段变化平稳，有震时段异常突出，较好地反映了大同一阳高地区的中强地震。     

高密度极尖区的形成原因

极尖区是太阳风进入磁层的一个重要窗口,极尖区密度是反映这一物理过程的重要参量,通常情况下极尖区密度约为1~10 cm^-3,但有时卫星会观测到密度大于40 cm^-3的极尖区,本文称之为高密度极尖区.我们分析了Cluster卫星2001—2009年的观测数据,在470个极尖区穿越中找到28个高密度极尖区穿越事件并进行了统计研究,分析了高密度极尖区事件的形成原因,进而讨论了太阳风高效地进入极尖区的外部条件.结果表明：距正午的距离（｜MLT-12｜）较小,太阳风的密度高,低纬有磁层顶磁重联发生以及正偶极倾角都是观测到高密度极尖区事件的有利条件,并且当同时满足上述4个条件时,高密度极尖区事件发生率为100%;而低纬磁层顶磁重联以及大的正偶极倾角被认为是太阳风高效地进入极尖区的重要条件.这些研究结果有助于我们更进一步地理解太阳风进入极尖区的物理机制.