ADS 80航空摄影测量系统的特点与应用

仪器设备状况是航空摄影测量技术发展水平的标志。徕卡ADS 80基于航天传感器线阵扫描和全球定位系统、高精度的惯性导航定向系统（IMU）获取数字影像,利用该传感器进行航空摄影,不需经过扫描,就可以直接为数字摄影测量、遥感图像处理系统提供高分辨率的全色、真彩色、近红外数字影像,能够实现DLG数据的快速采集。与以往基于像对的...     

Using aerial photography and in situ measurements to estimate the quantity of macro-litter on beaches

This study has demonstrated a reliable method of quantifying the total mass of litter on a beach. It was conducted on Ookushi beach, Goto-Islands, Japan, and uses a combination of balloon-assisted aerial photography and in situ mass measurements. The total mass of litter over the beach was calculated to be 716 ± 259 kg. This figure was derived by multiplying the litter-covered area (calculated using balloon-assisted aerial photography) by the mass of litter per unit area. Light plastics such as polyethylene made up 55% of all plastic litter on the beach, although more work is needed to determine whether lighter plastics are transported to beaches more readily by winds and ocean currents compared with heavier plastics, or whether lighter plastics comprise a greater percentage of marine litter. Finally, the above estimates were used to calculate the total mass of metals released into coastal ecosystems via plastic litter on beaches.     

长周期形变波特征分析

利用一些大地震前观测到的短临和临震地震前兆异常资料,综述了多年来长周期形变波观测事实和研究状况.利用地震前后记录到的典型震例异常图像的特点、形态、量级,多层次分析了长周期形变波的异常持续时间,有效监测范围,主震震级范围,异常形态,周期及传播速度特性.结果表明:长周期形变波异常持续时间多为震前几个小时到6.5天,对应地震...     

阿合奇地震台地倾斜观测与气温变化关系

通过提取地倾斜EW分量资料与气温资料作对比分析,认为EW分量短期变化与气温变化关系明显,但年变幅度变化与气温年变幅度关系不明显,且每次阿合奇地震台周围200 km范围内发生中强地震前,EW分量均出现趋势性的倾斜速率改变或者倾斜方向改变,说明该台地倾斜变化趋势与地震对应关系较为明显.而年变幅度与相位所含信息较为复杂,与地...     

Dynamic morphology of small south‐eastern Mediterranean river mouths: a conceptual model

River mouths along the Israeli Mediterranean coast are characterized by a dynamic morphology as their channels migrate hundreds of meters along the coast. This study examines the dynamic morphology of seven such river mouths. It offers a conceptual model aimed at generalizing and describing their spatial and temporal morphological patterns, and the environmental factors influencing them. The study methodology comprised a detailed monitoring and mapping by GIS techniques, with quantitative data derived from historic aerial photographs, river discharge records, wave measurements, and a digital elevation model. These data were incorporated into a homogenous database and subsequently applied in the investigation of the morphological patterns of these mouths, and the analysis of their influencing factors. River mouths in this study occur in two distinctive topographic settings. In one setting (here termed barrier topography) the river mouth is deflected alongshore by a sandy barrier. In the second setting (termed funnel topography) the river mouth is confined to a funnel‐shaped topographic depression perpendicular to the coast. The behavior of river mouths in these two settings is quite distinctive. Barrier mouths usually migrate over larger distances, as they tend to deflect along a sand barrier and establish semi‐permanent channels along the dune toe. This enables the wide range migration of semi‐permanent channels over decades. Funnel topography mouths deflect over shorter distances and they rapidly migrate within the funnel boundaries. This study concludes that the topographic setting of the beach, a constant element in the temporal scale of this study, is the primary influencing factor on the morphology of the mouths studied. The influence of other factors on the morphology of these mouths differs in space and time and depends on the topographic settings.     

2006年乌苏MS5.1地震前后北天山地倾斜资料异常分析

分析了2006年11月23日新疆乌苏Ms5.1地震前后距震中250 km范围内的北天山地倾斜观测资料.认为2005年初以来绝大多数测项存在明显的准同步性趋势异常,以趋势性加速E倾、N倾为主,地震发生在大多数异常结束并出现返向加速变化之后,少数在趋势性E倾、N倾过程中;空间上愈接近震中,异常开始时间愈早,异常测项也较为集中.与以往震例比较该次地震前中短期和短临异常不明显,震后绝大多数趋势异常仍在持续,可能表明北天山地区依然存在发生中强地震的背景.     

Small variation of annual temperature in deep tunnel can produce annual variation in tilt and strain

In this paper,finite element method (FEM) of axisymmetric linear elastic model has been used to calculate the tilt and strain induced by small annual temperature variations in a deep tunnel. The results show that even if the am-plitude of the annual variation meets the construction standard of seismic station issued by China Earthquake Ad-ministration (the annual temperature variation amplitude in the tunnel is no more than 0.5 °C),a small annual tem-perature variation of amplitude just 0.2 °C in the tunnel would produce 10?7 rad changes in tilt and 10?7 changes in strain. Especially,at the end and the corner of the tunnel,changes of tilt and strain can be even larger. Therefore,in the future,it is an important task to reduce the annual temperature variation in the tunnel as far as possible. Within the tunnel,for both baseline instrument and pendulum instrument,the modeling suggests ways of construction of the tunnel and installation of the instrument to decrease the influence of the annual temperature variation.     

汶川地震前南北地震带中北段地形变变化特征的研究

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震是我国自建国以来灾难最为严重的一次强地震。 文中讨论了汶川地震前震源附近与外围地区潮汐形变变化及龙门山地震带、 鲜水河地震带和祁连山地震带断层活动的特点。 分析结果表明: 震前沿龙门山地震带分布的雅安、 汶川及茂县观测台地倾斜测项在2006年初发生转折, 由单向东倾或西倾转向平稳, 临震前无明显变化; 龙门山断裂带及附近地区有5个断层水准观测场地, 除耿达场地观测到巨幅变化外, 其他场地震前未观测到突出的前兆性变化。 震源外围龙灯坝断层蠕变仪(Δ=220 km)震前观测到持续时间在3个月左右的突变性异常, 但依据突变持续时间较难估计相应地震为8级。 而离震中较远的祁连山地震带中西段, 震前也有巨大的断层水准变化, 其与汶川地震的关系值得讨论。     

地倾斜异常的一个特征及其应用

地倾斜与孕震地点存在一定的关系, 即强震前地倾斜的空间分布存在一定的有序性。 基于这一结果对张北地震前的地倾斜方向分布进行了研究, 显示张北地震前地倾斜方向确有指向或背向震中的趋势。 文中探讨了确定孕震区的方法, 利用截止到2004年8月的资料, 对华北、 新疆和川滇地区的地倾斜方向进行了研究。 在华北地区目前地倾斜方向线相交的区域有京津唐地区和山西带, 覆盖面积较大且较为分散, 难以勾画出显著的异常区。 在新疆和川滇地区也未发现类似张北地震前地倾斜方向线集中到同一区域的现象, 故认为截止到2004年8月, 上述区域不具备强震前地倾斜异常空间配套分布的特征。