空间归一化边界识别方法用于判断地质体的水平位置及深度(英文)

边界识别是重磁数据解释中的常用方法之一,依据其结果可划分出地质体的水平范围。边界识别结果受地质体埋深及导数计算误差的影响所识别边界与真实边界之间存在一定的差距,且边界识别法无法直观地给出地质体的深度信息。为了获得异常体的水平位置和深度信息,本文提出空间归一化边界识别方法,其对不同深度的边界识别函数进行归一化计算,空间归一化边界识别法的最大值对应于异常体的水平位置和深度。常规边界识别结果的误差随理深的减小而减小,而空间归一化边界识别法是通过最大值来判断地质体的位置,最大值是在地质体处获得,因此归一化边界识别方法所获得的结果是准确的。通过理论模型试验证明归一化边界识别方法能有效地完成异常体的水平位置和深度的计算,所获得的水平位置和深度信息与理论值相一致,为下一步的勘探计划提供了更加可靠的依据。将其应用于实际航磁数据的解释,获得了断裂的具体分布形式。     

丰满台水管仪记录到的8级大地震前兆波特征浅析

总结了丰满台水管仪两个测项在4次≥8级大震前记录的前兆波,对其特征进行初步分析,认为可能是断层预滑或断裂预扩展产生的,可能是大地震孕育过程中的一种反应,对大震的预报有一定的参考意义。通过对前兆波特征的深入研究可以为地震预测提供有力的依据。     

基于改进的Mogi模型对樟树盐矿采空区地面沉降的分析

樟树现代医药物流中心项目区周边采卤井引发的地面沉降是关系到项目区能否投入建设的关键问题。Mogi模型是基于半无限空间弹性理论的地面沉降预测模型,而盐矿采空区地表沉降变形的主要诱因是地下腔体体积的蠕变收缩,通过引入稳态蠕变阶段盐溶腔体积收缩解析解,对Mogi模型进行改进,并应用于项目区的地面沉降预测,利用沉降叠加的方法获得采卤井群诱发地面沉降发展趋势。结果显示：樟树医药物流中心周边卤井群蠕变引发的地面沉降及地面倾斜均在地基基础设计规范要求范围内;随着与井群距离的增大,项目区内地面倾斜呈现先增大后变小的趋势。同时,利用改进的Mogi模型得到的地面沉降和地面倾斜与相同条件下数值模拟沉降结果有着良好的相似,改进的Mogi模型为盐矿采空区及盐穴储气库的地面沉降分析提供了一种准确、快速的方法。     

我国数字化形变台网技术系统

介绍了“九五”期间建设的我国第三代数字化形变台网技术系统的构成、观测仪器的性能指标及台站的分布,剖析了数字化形变台站的数据流程、功能界面与使用数据采集器的基本要求。数字化台网2001—2004年基本运行情况为：台网的130台(套)数字化形变仪器(除1套外)皆已投入监测并产出连续观测资料．其中．90％以上达到Ⅰ类标准,这些结果反映了数字化形变台网良好的监测运行情况。     

三峡库区DEM快速建立研究

结合数字摄影测量的理论,论述了利用全数字摄影测量方法建立三峡库区DEM的基本过程,就影像自动匹配窗口大小的设定、DEM编辑技巧和DEM精度评定等这些影响生产效率和质量的关键问题进行探讨。     

前方交会法测定建筑物主体倾斜

通过建筑物倾斜观测实例,介绍了应用前方交会法进行倾斜观测的方法、精度要求及注意事项。     

A Simple Method to Minimize Orientation Effects in a Profiling Radiometer

Marine optical parameters required for ocean color satellite applications must be measured with high accuracy and errors within the permissible limits. These stringent requirements demand careful measurements of optical parameters. Though the free-fall radiometer is found to be a better option for measuring underwater light parameters as it avoids the effects of ship shadow and is easy to operate, the measurements demand profiling the radiometer vertical in water with minimum tilt. Here we present the results of our observations on the tilts of the radiometer from the measurements in the Arabian Sea. Since there is hardly any study carried-out on the tilt of the profiling radiometer, the result of this study will help in the better design of such marine instruments. The tilt of the radiometer near the surface of the water is attributed to the mode of deployment and environment parameters, while the tilt at depth of the water is influenced by the density variations of the water. Here we also demonstrate a method of deploying the instrument that minimizes the tilt of the instrument at the surface layer of the water.     

Evaluation of remotely‐sensed DEMs and modification based on plausibility rules and initial sediment budgets of an artificially‐created catchment

To quantify landscape change resulting from processes of erosion and deposition and to establish spatially distributed sediment budgets, ‘models of change’ can be established from a time series of digital elevation models (DEMs). However, resolution effects and measurement errors in DEMs may propagate to these models. This study aimed to evaluate and to modify remotely‐sensed DEMs for an improved quantification of initial sediment mass changes in an artificially‐created catchment. DEMs were constructed from photogrammetry‐based, airborne (ALS) and ground‐based laser scanning (TLS) data. Regions of differing morphological characteristics and vegetation cover were delineated. Three‐dimensional (3D) models of volume change were established and mass change was derived from these models. DEMs were modified region‐by‐region for rill, interrill and alluvial areas, based on logical and hydro‐geomorphological principles. Additional DEMs were constructed by combining multi‐source, modified data. Models were evaluated by comparison with d‐GPS reference data and by considering sediment budget plausibility. Comprehensive evaluation showed that DEM usability depends on a relation between the technique used to obtain elevation data, surface morphology and vegetation cover characteristics. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs were suited to quantification of change in interrill areas but strongly underestimated surface lowering in erosion rills. TLS DEMs were best suited to rill areas, while ALS DEMs performed best in vegetation‐covered alluvial areas. Agreement with reference data and budget plausibility were improved by modifications to photogrammetry‐ and TLS‐based DEMs. Results suggest that artefacts in DEMs can be reduced and hydro‐geomorphic surface structures can be better represented by applying region‐specific modifications. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs can be improved by combining higher and lower resolution data in defined structural units and applying modifications based on principles given by characteristic hydro‐geomorphic evolution. Results of the critical comparative evaluation of remotely‐sensed elevation data can help to better interpret DEM‐based quantifications of earth‐surface processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Erosional power in the Swiss Alps: characterization of slope failure in the Illgraben

Landslides and rockfalls are key geomorphic processes in mountain basins. Their quantification and characterization are critical for understanding the processes of slope failure and their contributions to erosion and landscape evolution. We used digital photogrammetry to produce a multi‐temporal record of erosion (1963–2005) of a rock slope at the head of the Illgraben, a very active catchment prone to debris flows in Switzerland. Slope failures affect 70% of the study slope and erode the slope at an average rate of 0.39 ± 0.03 m yr¯¹. The analysis of individual slope failures yielded an inventory of ~2500 failures ranging over 6 orders of magnitude in volume, despite the small slope area and short study period. The slope failures form a characteristic magnitude–frequency distribution with a rollover and a power‐law tail between ~200 m³ and 1.6 × 10⁶ m³ with an exponent of 1.65. Slope failure volume scales with area as a power law with an exponent of 1.1. Both values are low for studies of bedrock landslides and rockfall and result from the highly fractured and weathered state of the quartzitic bedrock. Our data suggest that the magnitude–frequency distribution is the result of two separate slope failure processes. Type (1) failures are frequent, small slides and slumps within the weathered layer of highly fractured rock and loose sediment, and make up the rollover. Type (2) failures are less frequent and larger rockslides and rockfalls within the internal bedded and fractured slope along pre‐determined potential failure surfaces, and make up the power‐law tail. Rockslides and rockfalls of high magnitude and relatively low frequency make up 99% of the total failure volume and are thus responsible for the high erosion rate. They are also significant in the context of landscape evolution as they occur on slopes above 45° and limit the relief of the slope. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川地震近震源区地形变短期前兆现象的解析

2008年汶川8.0级地震是我国自建国以来灾难最为严重的一次强地震, 有关震前该区域地壳变形情况引起许多学者的关注。 本文给出了沿龙门山地震带地倾斜及跨龙门山断裂断层水准剖面临震前变化的特征: 汶川地震前沿龙门山地震带分布的康定、 汶川及茂县台地倾斜无明短期显变化; 6个断层水准观测场地, 除耿达场地观测到较大幅度变化有争议外, 其他断层观测场震前均未观测到突出的短临前兆性异常变化。 本文分析了汶川地震前大区域地震活动性资料及震前沿南北地震带显著形变异常点分布特点, 探讨了汶川地震震中区域应变积累过程, 认为近震源区域无显著短期前兆变化现象很可能与震中区域介质所具有的高应变、 小变形性质有关。 另外, 也不排除地形变观测点所处的位置等有关因素。