Tile drainage causes flashy streamflow response in Ohio watersheds

Artificial subsurface (tile) drainage is used to increase trafficability and crop yield in much of the Midwest due to soils with naturally poor drainage. Tile drainage has been researched extensively at the field scale, but knowledge gaps remain on how tile drainage influences the streamflow response at the watershed scale. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of tile drainage on the streamflow response for 59 Ohio watersheds with varying percentages of tile drainage and explore patterns between the Western Lake Erie Bloom Severity Index to streamflow response in heavily tile-drained watersheds. Daily streamflow was downloaded from 2010 to 2019 and used to calculated mean annual peak daily runoff, mean annual runoff ratio, the percent of observations in which daily runoff exceeded mean annual runoff (T_Qmean), baseflow versus stormflow percentages, and the streamflow recession constant. Heavily-drained watersheds (>40% of watershed area) consistently reported flashier streamflow behaviour compared to watersheds with low percentages of tile drainage (<15% of watershed area) as indicated by significantly lower baseflow percentages, T_Qmean, and streamflow recession constants. The mean baseflow percent for watersheds with high percentages of tile drainage was 20.9% compared to 40.3% for watersheds with low percentages of tile drainage. These results are in contrast to similar research regionally indicating greater baseflow proportions and less flashy hydrographs (higher T_Qmean) for heavily-drained watersheds. Stormflow runoff metrics in heavily-drained watersheds were significantly positively correlated to western Lake Erie algal bloom severity. Given the recent trend in more frequent large rain events and warmer temperatures in the Midwest, increased harmful algal bloom severity will continue to be an ecological and economic problem for the region if management efforts are not addressed at the source. Management practices that reduce the streamflow response time to storm events, such as buffer strips, wetland restoration, or drainage water management, are likely to improve the aquatic health conditions of downstream communities by limiting the transport of nutrients following storm events.     

嵌入式系统中基于寄存器的编译器优化技术

介绍了嵌入式系统处理器的资源分配原理及其存在问题,为了提高嵌入式系统性能,提出了基于寄存器的编译器优化技术,在寄存器和Cache之间增加一级起特殊缓冲作用的寄存器,用于寄存器的快速恢复和保留。根据优先权公式,把执行频率高的变量尽量存放在缓冲寄存器中,减少了变量存入内存的次数,有效节省了内存资源,提高了嵌入式系统处理器工作效率。采用参考比较的方法,在Md32仿真器上,选用典型算法进行测试,实验证明此优化算法有效。     

基于Silverlight技术的插件式GIS Server架构研究

针对传统WebGIS开发复杂度高,交互体验贫乏,扩展性差,运行效率低等不足,提出基于Silverlight技术的插件式GIS Server架构设计方案。对RIA/Silverlight技术和Flex技术进行比较,并提出基于Silverlight技术的插件式GIS Server架构模型,对实现该架构的插件技术进行详细阐述。以阜新市旅游地理信息系统的开发为例,验证此架构的可行性。     

Seasonal and event‐based drivers of runoff and phosphorus export through agricultural tile drains under sandy loam soil in a cool temperate region

Frequent algal blooms in surface water bodies caused by nutrient loading from agricultural lands are an ongoing problem in many regions globally. Tile drains beneath poorly and imperfectly drained agricultural soils have been identified as key pathways for phosphorus (P) transport. Two tile drains in an agricultural field with sandy loam soil in southern Ontario, Canada were monitored over a 28‐month period to quantify discharge and the concentrations and loads of dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total P (TP) in their effluent. This paper characterizes seasonal differences in runoff generation and P export in tile drain effluent and relates hydrologic and biogeochemical responses to precipitation inputs and antecedent soil moisture conditions. The generation of runoff in tile drains was only observed above a clear threshold soil moisture content (~0.49 m³·m^?3 in the top 10 cm of the soil; above field capacity and close to saturation), indicating that tile discharge responses to precipitation inputs were governed by the available soil‐water storage capacity of the soil. Soil moisture content approached this threshold throughout the non‐growing season (October – April), leading to runoff responses to most events. Concentrations of P in effluent were variable throughout the study but were not correlated with discharge (p > 0.05). However, there were significant relationships between discharge volume (mm) and DRP and TP loads (kg ha^?1) for events occurring over the study period (R² ≥ 0.49, p ≤ 0.001). This research has shown that the hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of tile drains in a sandy loam soil can be predicted to within an order of magnitude from simple hydrometric data such as precipitation and soil moisture once baseline conditions at a site have been determined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seasonal and spatial characteristics of seawater and sediment at Youngil Bay, southeast coast of Korea

The seasonal geochemical characteristics of the seawater and sediments and the major factors causing heavy metal contamination were investigated at the Youngil bay and the Hyungsan river estuary in the Southeast Coast of Korea, where a world-scale steel-industry complex (Pohang iron and steel industrial complex, POSCO) is located. The seasonal and spatial distribution characteristics of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and nutrients of the seawater were studied at 45 fixed stations, especially focusing on the river mouth area. Sediments at 27 stations were examined during winter and summer to determine the major controlling factors for the distribution of metals, using correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses, and to evaluate the pollution status, using the modified geoaccumulation (I(geo)(')) index. Temperatures for the effluent from the POSCO located at the Hyungsan river mouth were 2-3 degrees C higher compared to other sampling areas, due to the thermal discharge from the POSCO. The DO concentration of the surface water at the Pohang old port was as low as 2-4 mg/L. In spring, the DO value at the Hyungsan river mouth was higher than 12 mg/L, by the mass multiplication of phytoplanktons at the river mouth where seawater temperature and nutrients concentrations were relatively high, resulting in the pH value of higher than 8.3. The nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P) ratios at the river mouth were 20-150 times higher compared to other areas, implying that the nitrogen loading into this semi-enclosed bay is significantly higher than phosphorus and the major nitrogen sources are not only the domestic sewage from the city but the industrial wastewater from the POSCO and other steel factories nearby. The phosphorus concentrations at the Pohang old port were shown 3-10 times higher than those at other stations, due to the inflow of pollutants generated from the nearby ships anchoring and the release of phosphate from the bottom sediment. Results from the sediment analysis showed that the major controlling factors for the distribution pattern of each metal are grain size and organic carbon (C(org)) content. Based on the factor analysis, Al, Fe, Cr, Li, and Pb were shown strongly correlated with the mean grain size (Mz), whereas Cd, Cu, Zn, and Sn with the C(org) content. Results from the fractionation of the sedimentary metals into lattice and labile fractions to characterize the mobility of sediment metals showed that the mineral lattice fraction was high in the order of Al=K>Cr>Li>Sr>Fe, while the labile fraction, which might be released to the overlying water, was in the order of Pb>Zn>Cd>Cu>Ca>Sn. Evaluation of the sediment pollution status by applying (I(geo)(')) of 13 metals showed Cd, Cu, and Zn as high as 1-3 range at the old port. Even though the overall marine pollution mainly by the world-class steel industrial complex in this semi-enclosed bay area studied does not currently pose a serious threat, due to the seawater circulation and the large influx of river discharge, the countermeasures to implement the sediments concentrated with heavy metals, especially at the old port with no seawater circulation, are still warranted for this coastal water environment.     

相图在透闪石和透辉石锦砖配方设计中的应用

文章指出了陶瓷生产中应用相图的要点和设计配方时应注意的问题,并着重从CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2四元系统相图和K2O-Al2O3-SiO2三元系统相图讨论了透闪石和透辉石用于陶瓷锦砖生产中之新体系配方设计的思路。认为纯粹用这两种原料为助熔剂生产锦砖节能效益不十分明显。在传统的锦砖配方中加入适当的透闪石或透辉石可明显地降低产品的烧成温度,但会使坯体的烧成范围变窄。文章强调具有实际意义的配方是具有相当宽烧成范围的低温配方。     

天地图山东影像缓存方法研究与实现

以山东省地理信息公共服务平台为例,阐述了从获取成品分幅影像到瓦片更新至系统的工作流程以及产生的成果。主要成果包括影像自动分块程序、电子地图数据的解密软件、缓存数据检查程序等工作中开发的工具。在实际工作中从数据处理的实际需求为出发点,进行程序开发,将数据处理和程序无缝结合,能充分发挥程序的效率,通过对一系列程序的应用,显著提高了工作效率,对相关数据处理人员有借鉴意义。     

地图缓存技术显示模式的研究

地图缓存是快速访问地图服务的有效方式,目前流行的Google地图,MapBar地图,ArcGIS Online等在线地图都是通过地图缓存的方式提供高效的访问速度。JPEG格式由于其超强的压缩能力以及卓越的图像品质一直是缓存图片格式的首选。但是,在实际应用中也经常出现诸如"项圈"等差强人意的显示效果。针对这种情况,本文提出一种融JPEG与PNG32于一体的混合缓存模式,并通过验证表明,该模式有效提高了地图缓存的显示效果。     

基于中间件的瓦片地图服务设计与实现

为了对WebGIS遗留系统进行平滑升级,提高传统WebGIS服务器的响应速度和改善用户体验,设计并实现了一个瓦片地图服务中间件(Tile Map Service,TMS,又译为缓存服务)。通过分析其工作原理和体系结构,从瓦片空间索引、瓦片切图策略及系统部署等三个方面,给出了优化对策,并与传统WMS进行了性能对比。实验测试数据采用世界地图的第8缩放级别,在该缩放级别下地图瓦片总数为32768个,随机生成21000个包含3×3个瓦片的地图请求窗口,将随机生成的测试数据分成20组,每组依次包含100-2000个请求窗口。实验分别采用WMS请求和TMS请求两种请求方式,其中,WMS请求直接向GeoServer发送WMS数据请求,TMS请求采用多线程同时向瓦片地图服务中间件发送9个WMS瓦片请求。实验结果表明,该瓦片地图服务中间件比WMS的平均响应时间减少约46%,并具有很高的瓦片动态切图效率,对提高传统WebGIS的响应速度和平滑升级现有遗留系统具有重要的应用价值。     

Performance of the stereoscopic system of the HEGRA imaging air erenkov telescopes: Monte Carlo simulations and observations

Based on the Monte Carlo simulations we have studied the performance of the HEGRA system of imaging air erenkov telescopes (IACTs) in its present configuration of 4 IACTs as well as in its future final configuration of 5 IACTs. Here we present the results on the basic characteristics of the IACT system which are used in the standard data analysis procedure, i.e., the collection areas, the detection rates, the angular resolution, the energy resolution, and the γ/hadron-separation efficiency. By comparing several key Monte Carlo predictions with experimental results it is possible to check the accuracy of the simulations. The Monte Carlo results concerning hadron-nuclear showers are tested with the recorded cosmic ray events and the results concerning photon-induced showers are tested with a large data sample of γ-rays observed from BL Lac object Mkn 501 during its high flaring activity in 1997. Summarizing the simulations and current observations we give the basic recommendations of using the instrument and the major values of its sensitivity.