如何应用1∶2000000化探数据库构造GIS图层

本文根据ＧＩＳ在地学中应用的需要，基于已建成的省级１∶２００００００化探数据库，分别描述了生成元素含量等值线图层和元素色块图层的方法与步骤，以及有关的技术要点，旨在为加强ＧＩＳ的应用提供一些参考信息。     

High‐resolution topography and anthropogenic feature extraction: testing geomorphometric parameters in floodplains

In floodplains, anthropogenic features such as levees or road scarps, control and influence flows. An up‐to‐date and accurate digital data about these features are deeply needed for irrigation and flood mitigation purposes. Nowadays, LiDAR Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) covering large areas are available for public authorities, and there is a widespread interest in the application of such models for the automatic or semiautomatic recognition of features. The automatic recognition of levees and road scarps from these models can offer a quick and accurate method to improve topographic databases for large‐scale applications. In mountainous contexts, geomorphometric indicators derived from DTMs have been proven to be reliable for feasible applications, and the use of statistical operators as thresholds showed a high reliability to identify features. The goal of this research is to test if similar approaches can be feasible also in floodplains. Three different parameters are tested at different scales on LiDAR DTM. The boxplot is applied to identify an objective threshold for feature extraction, and a filtering procedure is proposed to improve the quality of the extractions. This analysis, in line with other works for different environments, underlined (1) how statistical parameters can offer an objective threshold to identify features with varying shapes, size and height; (2) that the effectiveness of topographic parameters to identify anthropogenic features is related to the dimension of the investigated areas. The analysis also showed that the shape of the investigated area has not much influence on the quality of the results. While the effectiveness of residual topography had already been proven, the proposed study underlined how the use of entropy can anyway provide good extractions, with an overall quality comparable to the one offered by residual topography, and with the only limitation that the extracted features are slightly wider than the investigated one. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of ERS scatterometer‐derived soil moisture data in the central part of the Duero Basin,Spain

The objective of this study was to validate the soil moisture data derived from coarse‐resolution active microwave data (50 km) from the ERS scatterometer. The retrieval technique is based on a change detection method coupled with a data‐based modelling approach to account for seasonal vegetation dynamics. The technique is able to derive information about the soil moisture content corresponding to the degree of saturation of the topmost soil layer (∼5 cm). To estimate profile soil moisture contents down to 100 cm depth from the scatterometer data, a simple two‐layer water balance model is used, which generates a red noise‐like soil moisture spectrum. The retrieval technique had been successfully applied in the Ukraine in a previous study. In this paper, the performance of the model in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment characterized by low annual precipitation (400 mm), hot dry summers and sandy soils is investigated. To this end, field measurements from the REMEDHUS soil moisture station network in the semi‐arid parts of the Duero Basin (Spain) were used. The results reveal a significant coefficient of determination (R² = 0·75) for the averaged 0–100 cm soil moisture profile and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2·2 vol%. The spatial arrangement of the REMEDHUS soil moisture stations also allowed us to study the influence of the small‐scale variability of soil moisture within the ERS scatterometer footprint. The results show that the small‐scale variability in the study area is modest and can be explained in terms of texture fraction distribution in the soil profiles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二连盆地伊和高勒地区下白垩统赛汉组沉积特征

为揭示二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和高勒地区下白垩统赛汉组沉积特征,文章通过综合分析研究区内露头剖面、钻孔等,较为精细地研究了赛汉组岩性特征、地层空间展布特征、底板埋深分布特征、沉积相类型、沉积相展布特征等。研究区赛汉组分布范围广,具有东厚西薄的格局。底板埋深东部深西部浅,西部发育构造斜坡。西部为砂岩与泥岩,砂岩富炭屑;东部为砂砾岩与泥岩,砂砾岩中含炭屑。发育南、北两个方向物源,北部物源占主导作用。西部发育辫状河三角洲,砂体发育,"泥-砂-泥"结构好,为砂岩型铀矿最有利的沉积相带;东部发育扇三角洲,砂体极为发育,"泥-砂-泥"结构较好,为砂岩型铀矿较为有利的沉积相带;中部为半深湖-滨浅湖,砂体不发育,不利于砂岩型铀成矿。     

碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应综述

碳酸岩是地表出露较少的地幔来源的岩石,其地幔交代作用已被广泛研究,而碳酸岩岩浆与地壳的反应过程却研究较少,目前已在中国草滩和丰镇地区、德国Kaiserstuhl地区、俄罗斯Petyayan-Vara地区和澳大利亚Nolans Bore矿床等各地被报道。碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应的特征是可能形成大量富铁云母、辉石、榍石、钡冰长石等硅酸盐矿物并造成C-O和Sr-Nd同位素体系的扰动。实验岩石学研究发现碳酸岩岩浆在地幔与橄榄岩反应形成异剥橄榄岩,对应的在中下地壳反应形成反夕卡岩。碳酸岩岩浆与围岩的反应会造成局部Si的富集促使REE在早期岩浆阶段进入磷灰石,从而抑制稀土成矿。深部地壳的碳酸岩-硅酸岩反应在相同构造背景下通常不像浅部热液系统容易出露地表,并且其反应产物容易被误认为是夕卡岩矿物组合。因此,更多的高温高压实验研究以及对硅酸盐流体来源不是很清楚的高温夕卡岩矿物组合进行重新评估,将是揭示地壳深部反夕卡岩过程,特别是相关成矿作用的关键。     

陕西白河黄石板铅锌矿地质特征及找矿标志

陕西白河黄石板铅锌矿位于南秦岭镇（安）旬（阳）古生代沉积盆地南缘东部,区内已发现并探明的数量众多的铅锌矿床（点）多数产自泥盆系沉积盆地中,仅个别产自志留系。以志留系具代表性的黄石板铅锌矿床为研究对象,结合研究区以往的铅锌矿研究成果,认为志留系铅锌矿床主要产自梅子垭组粉砂质千枚岩与热水沉积岩接触部位的硅钙面,受区域断裂及次级断裂控制明显,热水沉积形成的钠长石岩为铅锌的富集提供了条件。通过对研究区地质特征、控矿条件及找矿标志的初步分析,为研究区寻找同类型铅锌矿床提供参考。     

光滑叶片的偏振高光谱特性及与叶绿素含量的关系

为探讨偏振光遥感快速估算植物叶绿素含量并用于农业气象自动化观测,根据植物叶绿素颗粒可产生偏振光响应的物理特性,应用SPAD-502叶绿素仪和加偏振镜的FieldSpec~?3 Hi-Res便携式高光谱仪,在多角度观测平台上测量和研究了表面光滑的桑树、红叶石楠、茶花3种代表性叶片的偏振高光谱特性与叶绿素含量的关系。结果表明:对于光滑叶片而言,550 nm附近的绿峰强度随着叶绿素含量的增加缓慢降低,即偏振高光谱与叶绿素含量呈非线性关系;绿峰波段的偏振度(DOP)与叶绿素含量的关系最好,其次为偏振反射,再次为最高反射和总反射,最低反射的关系最不明显。该研究对进一步开展偏振光遥感评价作物生长状况、灾害及估产具有重要意义。     

非洲铀矿资源分布、地质特征与勘查开发

非洲铀矿资源丰富,在全球占有重要地位,是我国利用铀矿资源的重要来源地。通过分析非洲259处已知铀矿床（点）的地质特征与勘查开发现状,揭示非洲铀矿资源具有分布集中、规模巨大、矿床类型多样等特点,砂岩型、古石英-卵石砾岩型、侵入岩型是最重要的铀矿类型,非洲铀矿主要分布于卡普瓦尔克拉通、新元古代褶皱带的达马拉褶皱带和西非活动带伊勒姆登大型盆地,成矿作用明显受地层、构造、岩浆岩等控制。不同类型矿床成矿时代具有各自特征,古石英-卵石砾岩型铀矿床全部形成于太古宙,侵入岩型铀矿床大多形成于元古宙,砂岩型铀矿床形成时代跨度大,从元古宙到新生代均有产出。近十年来非洲新增铀储量27万吨。建议国内企业抓住机遇,以侵入岩型和砂岩型铀矿为投资重点,加强在纳米比亚和尼日尔等铀矿资源国的勘查开发合作。     

Resolution of Seamount Geoid Anomalies Achieved by the SARAL/AltiKa and Envisat RA2 Satellite Radar Altimeters

The resolution of seamount geoid anomalies by the SARAL/AltiKa Ka-band radar altimeter is compared with the Envisat RA2 Ku-band altimeter using cross-spectral analysis of exact-repeat profiles. Noise spectra show white noise floors at root-mean-square levels around 8 mm per root-Hz for AltiKa and 19 mm per root-Hz for RA2, and are colored at wavelengths longer than a few km, with a spectral hump similar to that seen in Jason-2 data. The AltiKa noise level is lower than the RA2 noise level by more than one would expect from the ratio of their pulse repetition frequencies. Large outliers are present in data from both altimeters, always of one sign (range too long), and show little correlation with rain or other error flags. Seamount anomaly signal to noise ratios are 30 to 10 dB for AltiKa and 3 to 8 dB less for RA2, decreasing as seamount size decreases. Seamounts as small as 1.35 km tall are resolved by both instruments, with significantly better performance by AltiKa due to its lower noise level. If AltiKa can fly a geodetic mission, it will find many presently unknown seamounts.     

海图更新自动检测系统的设计与实现

海图更新通常是局部要素更新、但是为了防止误操作或拓扑关系变化等原因造成未更新区域要素变化,需要对全图进行检查验收,大大降低了生产效率,同时也增加了人为出错概率。以海图未更新区域自动检测为研究对象,从局部要素更新海图的质量检查内容和特点出发,结合海图更新出版流程,提出了基于数字海图矢量数据比对的质量检查方法,设计了自动更新检测流程,实现了局部更新海图未更新区域要素数据的自动质量检查。应用实践证明,文中提出的方法提高了局部要素更新海图的质量水平和质量检查效率。