Evolution of regoliths and landscapes in deeply weathered terrain — implications for geochemical exploration

Thick, commonly lateritic, regoliths are widespread in inter-tropical regions of the world and present particular challenges in exploration. These are best tackled through a sound understanding of the evolution of the landscapes in which they occur. The regoliths formed under humid, warm to tropical conditions and, although they may have been modified by later climatic changes, i.e., to more humid or more arid conditions, many chemical and mineralogical characteristics are retained. These include the geochemical expressions of concealed mineralization. Erosional and depositional processes control the preservation and occurrence of specific regolith units that may be used as sample media and, in turn, target size, element associations and contrast, thereby influencing sampling procedures, analysis and data interpretation. These parameters are best summarized in terms geochemical dispersion models based on the degree of preservation of the pre-existing lateritic regolith. Regolith–landform mapping permits an assessment of the terrain in terms of such models. In relict regolith–landform regimes, in which the lateritic regolith is largely preserved, broad multi-element anomalies in the upper ferruginous horizons (lateritic residuum) can be detected using sample intervals of 1 km or more. In contrast, in erosional regimes, where this material is absent, anomalies in upper saprolite, and the soil and lag derived from it, are more restricted in area and closer sampling intervals, (200×40 m or less) may be necessary. Lag and soil are, generally, ineffective in depositional areas, except where the sediments are very thin (e.g.,<2 m) or overburden provenance can be established. Stratigraphic drilling is necessary to establish whether the overburden overlies a buried lateritic horizon or an erosion surface cut in saprolite. Lateritic residuum remains an excellent sample medium if present, again with widespread haloes, but where it is absent, leaching and the restricted haloes in upper saprolite present formidable problems. Ferruginous saprolite or composites across the unconformity may be effective, but otherwise carefully targeted drilling and sampling through saprolite and saprock may be necessary. Partial extraction analyses have yet to demonstrate significant results except in very specific environments. In arid regions, pedogenic carbonate (calcrete, caliche) may be a valuable sample medium for Au exploration, principally in erosional regimes, and in depositional areas where the overburden is shallow. Sample intervals range from 1 km for regional surveys, through to 100×20 m in prospect evaluation. Saprolite is an essential sample medium in all landform environments, but the restricted halos and possibility of leaching requires that drilling and sampling should be at close intervals.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE MESOSCALE WIND STRUCTURE OVER SHANDONG PENINSULA

General features of 3-dimensional mesoscale wind and temperature structure over ShandongPeninsula are described in this paper.Results are achieved by numerical simulation with the 3-dimensional non-hydrostatic mesoscale model METRAS.For the onset and cessation time of sea-land breezes,the simulation results agree well with the statistical analyses of observational dataavailable for the studied area.One interesting result is the 3 hour response time of wind field to thethermal change.Further statistic analysis based on the observational data is needed to make sure ofthis correlation.Important effects of coastal mountains on the wind structure are also exposed indetail by the model.Convergence and divergence centers resulting from the conjunction of sea-landbreezes and complex terrain are clearly shown,which are not noticed before by conventionalsynoptic observation and theoretical analysis.     

大亚湾核电站厂址区域大气扩散研究

采用一个基于流体静力平衡的动力学诊断模式对大亚湾核电站厂址区域的气象场进行实际模拟,研究了复杂地形和下垫面对流场的动力和热力作用。数值实验表明：模式能很好地模拟中尺度局地环流的基本特征和变化规律。在模拟气象场的基础上,利用Monte Carlo多源模式计算了污染物的时空分布和干湿沉积量。模拟结果显示：模式很好地反映在海陆风和山谷风环流及排牙山影响下大气参数的非均匀性和非平稳性。     

全景立体视觉的快速近区重力地形改正方法

重力地形改正是区域重力测量工作中的一个关键步骤,目前重力地形改正的主要挑战是如何快速地重建测站附近高精度的三维地形。本文提出了一种基于全景立体视觉和摄影测量技术的快速近区重力地形改正方法,设计和开发了相应的快速测图系统。为了使该系统硬件尽量小型化并满足精度需求,我们进行了系统的理论精度分析和设计优化。所开发的研究系统可以从获取的全景立体图像自动生成DEM并计算重力地形改正值。该系统已经过野外多站多种地形的实验验证,结果表明其效率和精度明显优于传统的野外测量方法。     

基于近地层垂直速度能谱尺度特征确定复杂下垫面零平面位移

本文利用位于南京市郊区的南京大学仙林校区SORPES观测站多层湍流观测数据分析了湍流谱特征,以白天不稳定条件下垂直速度能谱谱峰对应的长度尺度也就是离地高度为判据,探讨了运用该方法确定复杂下垫面零平面位移的可行性。统计分析表明,该方法确定的长度尺度呈现出较为一致的概率分布形状,概率最大的长度尺度对应于离地高度,在复杂下垫面情况下这个高度就是零平面位移高度到观测高度之间的距离,将观测点的离地高度减去这个距离就能得到零平面位移。本文同时运用不稳定条件下垂直速度方差在近地层中的相似关系来确定零平面位移,并与谱方法得到的结果进行对比。结果表明,谱方法和方差法得到的零平面位移非常接近。     

准噶尔盆地构造演化分析新进展

准噶尔盆地由准噶尔地体演化而来。准噶尔地体的前寒武系结晶基底,至少形成于800Ma前。准噶尔盆地基底具有“双层结构”,局部存在强烈减薄现象,整个下古生界,准噶尔地体一直存在稳定的地体演化机制,它经历了地体与板块并存、前缘推覆－洋壳消减和地体与板块拼贴的三个阶段后演化为盆地。根据准噶尔盆地构造分层,并结合盆地地质研究的进展,将准噶尔盆地形成及演化过程划分为6个阶段：（1）地体形成阶段;（2）地体发展演化阶段;（3）地体、板块拼贴、准噶尔盆地雏形形成阶段;（4）前陆盆地阶段;（5）陆内坳陷阶段;（6）再生前陆盆地阶段。后三阶段与油气关系密切。     

Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels： a case study in the Loess Plateau

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as(0.0015S2 0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S 0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.     

数字海底地形分割算法

根据不同海底地形特征,提出了基于多波束测量数据进行海底地形分割的"三态值模型"法,其步骤包括:将地形数据滤波和网格化;利用"3×3"差分算子计算各节点的梯度;利用最大梯度追踪算法检测正负地形与平缓地形的分界线;利用"三态值"算法识别正、负和平缓地形。应用该方法对胶州湾实验海区多波束实测数据处理结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够对数字海底地形准确地进行快速分割。     

地形性中尺度环流的数值模拟及验证

建立了一个高分辨三维边界层诊断模式以模拟下垫面热力和动力的 非均匀性对边界层结构的影响。模式模拟了广东大亚湾核电站厂址区域（12 km×12 km） 47个典型天气系统下的地形性中尺度环流,其大坑的模拟风向、风速和温度与观测值 相比,风向差小于17.5#+[o]的概率为87.5%,风速比值在0.7～1.3之间的概率为72.9%, 温度差小于0.4#+[o]C的概率为72.9%。     

密云地体铁矿成矿规律及找矿方向研究

应用地体构造理论 ,对密云地体含铁建造特征及构造对铁矿体的控制规律进行了研究。认为表壳岩为原始含矿围岩,ＴＴＧ杂岩破坏了原含矿岩系的连续性,使表壳呈残体漂浮或呈包体形式被包裹在ＴＴＧ杂岩中。矿体的赋存状态主要受两期共轴迭加褶皱构造和韧脆性关照切断裂复合控制。