DEM空间分辨率对毒气扩散模型模拟结果的影响分析

突发性毒气泄漏事故的频繁发生对市民的安全造成了极大威胁,有必要对常见毒气泄漏事故发生后的成灾模型进行探讨,以便从理论上指导应急部门实施应急救援行动。本文在研究和分析典型毒气泄漏扩散模型的基础之上,引入地形因子对原有毒气泄漏扩散模型进行改进,使之适应三维地形下的危化品气体扩散模拟,并将模型与GIS集成可视化,分析比较了模型修正前后气体扩散浓度的分布情况。在此基础上,进一步分析了DEM空间分辨率对毒气扩散浓度的分布影响,发现DEM空间分辨率对毒气浓度分布区域有一定影响,并分析了其影响原因。结果表明,加入地形因子的高斯烟羽模型比之前没有考虑地形因子的高斯模型计算要更加精确,更贴近现实状况;同时,DEM分辨率对改进后的高斯烟羽模型的模拟影响较大,选择适当分辨率的DEM能帮助应急部门在短时间内模拟出真实可靠的浓度分布区域,对毒气泄漏事故的应急有一定的实际参考价值和指导意义。     

Spatial structure characteristics detecting of landform based on improved 3D Lacunarity model

The spatial structure characteristics of landform are the foundation of geomorphologic classification and recognition.This paper proposed a new method on quantifying spatial structure characteristics of terrain surface based on improved 3D Lacunarity model.Lacunarity curve and its numerical integration are used in this model to improve traditional classification result that different morphological types may share the close value of indexes based on global statistical analysis.Experiments at four test areas with different landform types show that improved 3D Lacunarity model can effectively distinguish different morphological types per texture analysis.Higher sensitivity in distinguishing the tiny differences of texture characteristics of terrain surface shows that the quantification method by 3D Lacu-narity model and its numerical integration presented in this paper could contribute to improving the accuracy of land-form classifications and relative studies.     

Design and implementation of a 3D ocean virtual reality and visualization engine

In this study,a 3D virtual reality and visualization engine for rendering the ocean,named VV-Ocean,is designed for marine applications.The design goals of VV-Ocean aim at high fidelity simulation of ocean environment,visualization of massive and multidimensional marine data,and imitation of marine lives.VV-Ocean is composed of five modules,i.e.memory management module,resources management module,scene management module,rendering process management module and interaction management module.There are three core functions in VV-Ocean:reconstructing vivid virtual ocean scenes,visualizing real data dynamically in real time,imitating and simulating marine lives intuitively.Based on VV-Ocean,we establish a sea-land integration platform which can reproduce drifting and diffusion processes of oil spilling from sea bottom to surface.Environment factors such as ocean current and wind field have been considered in this simulation.On this platform oil spilling process can be abstracted as movements of abundant oil particles.The result shows that oil particles blend with water well and the platform meets the requirement for real-time and interactive rendering.VV-Ocean can be widely used in ocean applications such as demonstrating marine operations,facilitating maritime communications,developing ocean games,reducing marine hazards,forecasting the weather over oceans,serving marine tourism,and so on.Finally,further technological improvements of VV-Ocean are discussed.     

融合多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法研究

由于DEM数据不包括河流、湖泊(水库)及流域边界和堤坝等信息,因此常规仅依靠DEM提取水系的方法不能反映平坦区域及受人类影响强烈区域水系的真实特征。该文建立了融合DEM、河流、湖泊水库、流域边界和堤坝等多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法,对多源信息进行栅格化,采用所提出的高程-距离函数对DEM进行校正,使得提取的数字水系与实际水系精确拟合。将该方法应用于山区太湖西苕溪流域老石坎水库及其上游集水区和平原丘陵分布区的淮河史灌河蒋家集站、梅山、鲇鱼山水库区间流域,提取的河网结构与地图信息拟合较好。     

基于三维遥感系统的泥石流土石量计算及影响范围模拟

结合三维遥感影像解译提出一种定量的泥石流土石量计算方法。在泥石流汇水区内对地形进行0次谷与1次谷划分,按可搬运的物质总量和一次降雨所能搬运的物质总量两种方式进行分析,使计算结果更加精细化;以数字高程模型(DEM)与降雨所搬运的土石总量作为影响范围模拟的基础,利用GIS空间分析功能分析泥石流汇水区的横截面面积及区域平面面积等地形参数,判别土石产出量与地形参数关系,实现泥石流影响范围的模拟。分析结果可为潜在泥石流危险区域评价预测提供参考。     

Vegetative succession and controlled fire in a glades ecosystem A geographical information system approach

Abstract

A geographical information system (GIS) approach was used successfully on a federal wilderness area in southwestern Missouri to examine vegetative succession relative to fire management in a glades ecosystem. Maps of vegetation were obtained by interpreting aerial photographs taken in 1938, 1958, 1966, 1975 and 1986. Maps of topography, streams, soils and the location of fires which burned during the period 1938 to 1986 were also procured from a variety of public agencies. All maps were digitized and incorporated into a raster-based GIS with 25 m pixels. It was concluded that (1) both glades and oak-hickory forest have an affinity for distinct physiographic areas and (2) fire can help decrease the rate of processes of natural succession which cause glades to convert to forest. The probable effects of controlled fire on three areas proposed by the Forest Service were evaluated and summarized.     

The smoothness of HASM

To smooth noises inherent in uniformly sampled dataset, the smoothness of high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) was explored, and a smoothing method of HASM (HASM-SM) was developed based on a penalized least squares method. The optimal smoothing parameter of HASM-SM was automatically obtained by means of the generalized cross-validation (GCV) method. For an efficient smoothing computation, discrete cosine transform was employed to solve the system of HASM-SM and to estimate the minimum GCV score, simultaneously. Two examples including a numerical test and a real-world example were employed to compare the smoothing ability of HASM-SM with that of GCV thin plate smoothing spline (TPS) and kriging. The numerical test indicated that the minimum GCV HASM-SM is averagely more accurate than TPS and kriging for noisy surface smoothing. The real-world example of smoothing a lidar-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showed that HASM-SM has an obvious smoothing effect, which is on a par with TPS. In conclusion, HASM-SM provides an efficient tool for filtering noises in grid-based surfaces like remote sensing–derived images and DEMs.     

Measuring the significance of a divide to local drainage patterns

This article presents a framework for estimating a new topographic attribute derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) called maximum branch length (B _max). Branch length is defined as the distance travelled along a flow path initiated at one grid cell to the confluence with the flow path passing through a second cell. B _max is the longest branch length measured for a grid cell and its eight neighbours. The index provides a physically meaningful method for assessing the relative significance of drainage divides to the dispersion of materials and energy across a landscape, that is, it is a measure of ‘divide size’. B _max is particularly useful for studying divide network structure, for mapping drainage divides, and in landform classification applications. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of estimates of B _max to the algorithm used to estimate flow lengths and the prevalence of edge effects resulting from inadequate DEM extent. The findings suggest that the index is insensitive to the specific flow algorithm used but that edge effects can result in significant underestimation along major divides. Edge contamination can, however, be avoided by using an appropriately extensive DEM.     

瞬变电磁法探测复杂地形不积水采空区的应用

针对高密度电法在探测煤矿不积水采空区对地形有严格要求的实际情况下,在煤田地表条件较为复杂的地区,采用受地形影响较小的瞬变电磁法反映地下不积水采空区的电性特征的研究与应用就有了重要的实际意义。为此首先从瞬变电磁法的基本原理出发,介绍瞬变电磁法的基本公式和正演方法;其次,结合不积水采空区的地球物理特征,设计正演模型,根据计算结果提出在地形条件复杂,不适合高密度电法施工的地方,采用小线框、配合高发射频率和大发射电流的瞬变电磁方法,探测地下高阻目标体的电性特征,推断不积水采空区的分布;最后,结合实际工程进行瞬变电磁法探测煤矿不积水采空区的实践,得到结论与实际钻探结果相符。应用效果表明,瞬变电磁法在一定程度上能够完成煤矿不积水采空区的探测,对煤矿安全生产起到了的参考作用。     

Delineating groundwater potential zones in a hard-rock terrain using geospatial tool

Abstract

Geospatial techniques have become one of the leading tools in the field of natural sciences for assessment, monitoring and management of natural resources, particularly in groundwater research. The paper discusses the demarcation and assessment of groundwater potential zones using geospatial techniques in the Deccan Volcanic Province of Maharashtra, India, using multi-criteria analyses. The study incorporates integration of thematic information (geomorphology, lithology, drainage density, slope and lineaments) in a GIS environment in order to identify groundwater potential zones. The methodology adopted can be used as a rapid assessment tool in groundwater exploration and is helpful in predictive groundwater resource management. Multi-criteria evaluation techniques were used to integrate all the thematic layers. Individual themes and their corresponding categories were assigned a knowledge base ranking from 1 to 5, depending on their importance for groundwater potential. Using the Raster calculator tool in Arc GIS software, all thematic maps were integrated to produce a composite groundwater potential map of the study area. The identified groundwater potential zones were classified into four classes, from excellent to poor. The generated groundwater potential zones were validated with field checks and borewell/dugwell yield data, and showed consistency with the observations.

Citation Singh, P., Thakur, J. K., and Kumar, S. (2013) Delineating groundwater potential zones in a hard-rock terrain using geospatial tools. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (1), 1–11.