自然资源资产数据体系与审计信息化建设思路

针对领导干部自然资源资产离任审计工作的特点和需求,提出了自然资源资产数据体系与审计信息化建设思路。着重介绍了数据体系构成、数据来源和数据库的设计,提出了审计信息化建设的原则、总体框架和功能设计,分析了当前存在的关键问题并提出建议,为自然资源资产审计信息化建设提供了一种思路和方法,对自然资源资产离任审计工作具有借鉴意义。     

新疆农业上市公司经营策略与合理缴税的对策分析

充分利用税法现行的税收优惠政策进行税收筹划,是一种很重要的税收筹划方法,而现行税法对农业的优惠政策颇多,因此,农业企业应根据自身情况,结合行业特点,在充分了解和掌握优惠政策的基础上确定自身的经营策略,这样才能达到合理缴税的目的。首先介绍了农业企业的经营方式和税收的关系,然后分析了新疆农业上市公司税收现状和存在的税收问题,最后按税种从降低纳税风险、降低税负、递延纳税的时间等几个方面对新疆农业上市公司提出了合理缴税的对策。     

矿产的资产评估方法与矿业权流转价格、矿业税费征收标准的关系

论证了对矿产资源作为一种国有资产进行资产评估,评估对象应是其原有价值,即开发它的超额利润－－绝对地（矿）租和第一形态级差地（矿）租;也就是净现值。大部分应以资源税的形式收归国有;小部分可由矿产勘查、开发者分享。矿业权流转的价格应该由勘查、开发投资及其资金平均利润,中少量、合理的上述超额利润构成。现行矿业税旨收标准过高。     

Input–output and life-cycle emissions accounting: applications in the real world

A considerable body of academic literature has emerged that addresses methods for consumption-based accounting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as opposed to the territorial approach used under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The consumption-based approach attributes emissions to consumers of final goods and services by accounting for the GHG emissions ‘embedded’ in raw materials and intermediate goods and services. Many authors have advocated the wider adoption of a consumption-based approach. This article does not take one side or another in the consumption-based versus territorial debate. Instead, it explores the extent to which consumption-based thinking has already found practical application by companies and public authorities and assesses the potential for further adoption. The methodologies underlying consumption-based approaches are critically reviewed to note criteria such as accuracy and the timeliness of data generation, which suggest the potential for practical application. A typology of applications is then developed and each category of application is systematically explored citing real-world examples where possible. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential for the wider application of consumption-based approaches and identifies further research needs.Policy relevanceConsumption-based approaches to accounting for GHG emissions are gradually being adopted in the policy domain, albeit in a haphazard way. This article (1) identifies the strengths and weaknesses associated with top-down input–output approaches and bottom-up life cycle assessment approaches to consumption-based accounting in terms of criteria such as accuracy and timeliness of data generation; (2) provides a comprehensive review of actual and proposed applications to date; (3) constructs a taxonomy of applications drawing on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses; and (4) considers the prospects for further application. The article will help policy makers and policy analysts to assess the feasibility and desirability of future applications of consumption-based approaches and address implementation barriers.     

The stamp of neoliberalism on the UK tonnage tax and the implications for British seafaring

In 2000 the UK adopted a tonnage tax strategy on ships and related businesses as the main strategy for revitalising its declining shipping industry. In line with EU policy on shipping, UK registered shipping companies were offered fiscal incentives based on reduced corporation taxes while labour was offered support for training. Almost a decade since the introduction of the tax it is clear that the strategy has delivered for business but not for labour. This paper considers the nature and limits of state intervention per se in declining economic sectors in the context of globalisation and a neoliberal approach to governance. It concludes that the problem is often not state intervention but rather the form of intervention, namely one that panders to, and is constrained by, neoliberalism.     

内部审计在资产重组调整中的必要性

在经济体制从计划经济向市场经济转变及经济增长方式从粗放型向集约型转变的过程中,企业的资产重组和所有制结构的调整反映了社会经济运行的根本性转变。在资产重组和所有制结构调整的过程中,重新认识现代企业制度下资产的构成特点,分析内部审计在这一形势下存在和发展的必要性,并定位其职能,对现代企业的发展和内部审计的发展都显得十分必要。     

内部审计有效参与地勘企业经济活动的思考

文章论证了地勘企业内部审计是企业自身发展需要 ,并就此提出内部审计在地勘企业中的目的和实际作用 ,以及内部审计的改革意识。     

Assessing the authenticity of national carbon prices: A comparison of 31 countries

Many countries have carbon pricing in place, in the form of a tax and/or market. Generally, this involves low price rates, incomplete emissions coverage, and price reductions for particular sectors. This raises the question whether the label “carbon price” – in the environmental-economics textbook sense – really applies. To answer it, we assess the authenticity of 31 national carbon prices, calculating average carbon prices and their gap with advertised prices, at both national and sector levels. The results indicate a poor level of authenticity. This means that the carbon prices published by sources such as the World Bank provide a misleading representation of the actual national policy pressure on emissions. Countries show considerable differences regarding the average carbon price level and the gap with advertised prices. Moreover, there is not a one-to-one relationship between advertised and average carbon prices, suggesting the former are not a good basis for international comparison of policy effectiveness. Across countries, the mean carbon price equals €7.90/ton of CO₂ while the mean price gap is 57.7%. Most noticeably, the highest advertised price for Sweden should be interpreted with care as it goes along with a price gap of almost €100 to the average price. In addition, Switzerland and Finland show relatively high price gaps. To illustrate the relevance and non-triviality of our indicators, note that Sweden occupies a 3rd position in terms of average carbon price (after Norway and Switzerland), 27th in terms of price gap, and 16th in terms of effective rate (i.e. sum of implicit and explicit carbon prices). We further find that implicit carbon prices dominate explicit ones for most countries, notably in road transport, whereas the reverse holds for industrial and electricity sectors. Combining our findings with recent empirical evidence for carbon-pricing effectiveness highlights the potential of the instrument to combat climate change, provided implementation is improved and internationally harmonized. Shifting the attention from advertised to average carbon prices might help in this regard.     

Rationalizing tax increment financing in Chicago

A central problem in planning is how planners can be both technical experts and political actors sensitive to the moral consequences of planning. Rationality refers to the reasons for choosing a means to achieve an end; a rationality that considers the morality of means and ends is value rationality, and one that does not is instrumental rationality. Through the case of using Tax Increment Financing (TIF) to subsidize corporate headquarters relocation in Chicago, I follow City follows planners’ struggle with TIF policy and their engagement with instrumental and value rationality within a state that exercised an entrepreneurial planning strategy. This position meant that planners were constrained from acting value-rationally to consider and then take action on questions about the moral content of TIF projects. Nonetheless, planning staff developed an instrumentally-rational planning and policy exercise, which they performed as a way to channel their value-rational concerns about the assumption that every economic development project is an unambiguously valuable goal.     

英属维尔京群岛离岸金融中心发展历程及启示

本文利用文献梳理与案例分析方法,以英属维尔京群岛为例,分析了其“避税港”与空间集聚、初级离岸中心与空间集聚重组以及发达离岸中心与空间集聚强化的发展历程;研究发现,国际政治经济环境为离岸金融中心的建立提供了可能,独特的自然与人文经济条件为离岸金融中心的建立提供了基础,而不断完善的法律与监管则保证了离岸金融中心的可持续发展;基于此,中国应积极探讨在上海、广东与天津等自贸区建立分离—渗透型,在东南沿海选择合适的岛屿或群岛建立避税港型离岸金融中心的可行性与实施方案,并逐步完善政策法律体系,有效管控金融风险。