原地宇宙成因核素(TCN)测年靶标制备

自20世纪80年代以来,得益于高能加速器质谱的发展及其分析精度的提高,TCN测年技术得到了快速发展,并被成功应用于解决诸多领域关键性的年代学问题研究中,对地学的发展也起到了革命性的推动作用。TCN测年由测年靶标制备、AMS测量及数据分析等步骤组成。其中测年靶标制备直接影响AMS的测量结果,进而影响可靠年代学框架的建立与古气候环境的重建。测年靶标制备首先是代表性样品的采集,继而是所用靶标矿物的提纯,再者是所测元素的分离提取,最后是靶标压制。此处以第四纪冰川研究中应用较为广泛的TCN放射性核素¹⁰Be与²⁶Al为例,结合冰川侵蚀与沉积地貌的分布及其特征,从样品采集、石英提纯、¹⁰Be与²⁶Al核素的分离提取及最后的靶标压制等方面展开论述,以期为初涉第四纪冰川研究的学者提供TCN测年靶标制备的理论指导,同时也为地学其他研究领域该测年技术的应用提供参考。     

福建省铁帽山钼矿床地质、地球化学异常特征与找矿方向研究

福建铁帽山钼矿床位于闽西南拗陷带,是一个与晚侏罗世中酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩型钼矿床。矿体产出于花岗杂岩体中,杂岩体由中粗粒二长花岗岩、中粗粒钾长花岗岩、花岗斑岩和少量石英闪长岩组成,钼矿体围绕着矿区中部的花岗斑岩岩株近似呈环状分布,主要赋存于蚀变的二长花岗岩中。矿体受到后期断裂构造的破坏而被截断。矿区的围岩蚀变作用强烈,并具有明显的分带特征,自下而上、由内到外可划分为钾化带、石英-伊利石化带、蒙脱石化带和高岭石化带。其中,石英-伊利石化作用与钼矿化作用的关系最为密切。土壤地球化学测量结果显示,Mo元素对数值的频率统计呈双峰式分布,异常下限为12.2×10–6,由此圈定的Mo元素异常近似呈环状分布,与矿体分布范围总体上相一致;而低温成矿元素Zn、Ag元素和高温成矿元素Sn的异常多数分布于Mo元素环状异常的外围和中心低值区。在勘查工作中,石英-伊利石化蚀变和Mo元素地球化学异常可以作为最重要的找矿标志,同时要特别注意断层对矿体的截断和破坏作用。     

基于均值反差滤波的红外小目标检测算法

在已有背景预测算法的基础上,提出了一种基于均值反差法作为不相似度量对图像进行滤波,在增强小目标的同时抑制了复杂背景,并通过自适应的背景预测算法,实现了对小目标的快速检测。实验结果表明,该算法对小目标适应性强,能大幅度地提高目标/背景的信噪比,从而快速而准确地检测出小目标的位置。     

结合显著图和深度学习的遥感影像飞机目标识别

为准确快速识别高分辨率遥感影像中的飞机目标,提出了一种结合显著图和深度置信网络(DBN)的飞机目标识别算法。本文首先使用HC(直方图对比度)算法提取遥感影像中的显著目标;然后通过定位连通区域确定候选目标的位置;随后提取候选目标的颜色矩、Hu不变矩、灰度共生矩阵、Tamura纹理特征和边缘方向直方图;最后将归一化后的多特征融合数据应用到深度置信网络进行目标识别。试验结果表明,本文算法的检测率为98.46%,虚警率为5.20%。算法从多种底层图像特征出发,有效克服了单一特征描述能力不足的问题,提高了飞机目标识别能力及抗干扰能力。     

多目标的卫星仪器宽动态非线性定标

传统的场地辐射定标方法由于定标样本少,难以覆盖遥感器动态范围,且不能发现仪器辐射响应是否存在非线性特性。针对这一问题,本文提出了基于多种亮暗等级的地球稳定目标(盐湖、沙漠和海洋)的卫星传感器宽动态非线性辐射定标方法。该方法以MODIS和NCEP数据产品作为稳定目标的地表特性、大气状况的先验知识库,利用大气辐射传输模型计算的多个稳定目标的大气层顶辐射值为定标基准,以二次多项式为定标方程,实现宽动态的非线性辐射定标,并以Aqua/MODIS观测值作为参考,对定标基准的精度进行评估。结果显示,对于反射太阳波段,辐射传输模型的计算值与MODIS观测值间的偏差均值在2%以内。最后,以气象卫星遥感器MERSI为例,基于2014年在稳定目标上空获取的大量定标样本,对其反射太阳通道的辐射响应特性进行研究,从而确定辐射定标方案和辐射定标方程的系数,然后采用敦煌试验场的同步实测数据对定标结果进行验证。结果表明,除了940 nm的水汽强吸收通道,其他通道的定标精度基本在5%以内。     

河南栾川Mo多金属矿集区构造地球化学特征及找矿预测

栾川Mo多金属矿集区位于华北陆块南缘与北秦岭造山带的结合部。本文在对栾川Mo多金属矿集区地质特征、构造控岩控矿特征总结的基础上,运用数学地质的方法对矿集区构造裂隙地球化学特征进行分析,根据构造地球化学异常特征圈出有利找矿靶区,工程验证取得明显的找矿效果。这表明构造地球化学-数学地质方法具有良好的找矿效果,为栾川Mo多金属矿集区开展深部矿产勘查工作提供了科学依据。     

Dust Production from the Hypervelocity Impact Disruption of Hydrated Targets

More than half of the C-type asteroids, which are the dominant type of asteroid in the outer half of the main belt, show evidence of hydration in their reflectance spectra. In order to understand the collisional evolution of asteroids, the production of interplanetary dust, and to model the infrared signature of small particles in the Solar System it is important to characterize the dust production from primary impact disruption events, and compare the disruption of hydrous and anhydrous targets. We performed impact disruption experiments of three “greenstone” targets, a hydrothermally metamorphosed basalt, and compared the results of these disruptions to our previous disruption experiments on porous, anhydrous basalt targets and to literature data on the disruption of non-porous, anhydrous basalt targets. The greenstone targets were selected because their major hydrous alteration phase is serpentine, the same hydrous alteration phase found in hydrous CM meteorites, like Murchison. The porous, anhydrous basalt targets were selected because their structure, consisting of millimeter-size olivine phenocrysts in a more porous, anhydrous matrix is similar to the structure of anhydrous chondritic meteorites, which consist of millimeter-size olivine chondrules embedded in a more porous, anhydrous matrix. The disruption measurements indicate the threshold collisional specific energy, Q _D^*, is 570 J/kg for the greenstone, which is lower than the literature values for non-porous basalt targets, and significantly lower than the value of 2500 J/kg that we have measured for porous anhydrous basalt targets. We determined the mass-frequency distribution of the debris from the disruption of the greenstone targets, which ranged in mass from 80 to 280 g, over a nine order-of-magnitude mass range, from ~10⁻⁹ g to the mass of the largest fragment. The cumulative mass-frequency distribution from the greenstone targets is fit by two power–law segments, one for masses >10⁻² g, which is significantly steeper than the corresponding segment from the disruption of similar-sized anhydrous basalt, and one in the range from 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻² g, which is significantly flatter than the corresponding segment from the disruption of similar size anhydrous basalt. These hydrous greenstone targets overproduce small fragments (10⁻⁴ to 10⁰ g) compared to anhydrous basalt targets, but underproduce dust-size grains (10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁴ g) compared to anhydrous basalt targets.     

松南气田火山岩致密储层分类及有利目标潜力评价

松南气田属于致密火山岩气藏。根据松南气田大量火山岩气井产能测试数据,以气井产能为依据进行分类,并分别统计它们的岩性、密度、声波时差、孔隙度、渗透率、阻抗范围,建立松南气田致密火山岩储层的分类标准。在此基础上,利用岩心、铸体薄片和扫描电镜,识别不同类型储层的宏观、微观孔隙-裂缝组合特征,研究不同类型火山岩储层的孔隙-裂缝发育模式。并进一步根据储层类型、地震反演孔渗参数,探讨了大型火山岩气藏潜力目标区优选方法。松南气田火山岩储层可分为I类未措施高产、II类措施后高产、Ⅲ类未措施不出气、Ⅳ类致密层四类。四类储层对应四种储层发育模式:I类储层为原生孔+微裂缝型,II类储层为次生孔+微裂缝型,Ⅲ类储层为原生孔+构造裂缝型,Ⅳ类储层为次生孔+构造裂缝型。潜力优选研究表明,YS1断块2号、3号目标体具有一定的开发潜力。储层分类更适合于本区致密储层的实际生产情况。     

福建武平地区晚侏罗世石英脉和云英岩型2类钼矿控矿因素及找矿方向

据矿床分布特点,将武平地区与晚侏罗世侵入岩有关的的钼矿(化)分为石英脉型钼多金属矿和云英岩型钼钨矿2种类型,并据成矿地质特征,结合地球化学异常,分析其控矿因素,提出找矿标志及找矿方向。     

A fish-based typology of small temperate rivers in the northeastern lowlands of Germany

Fish assemblage data from 69 brooks and small streams were analysed to derive a fish-based typology of small lowland streams in the “Central Plains” ecoregion of northeastern Germany. Altogether 32 native, 1 non-native fish species and 2 lamprey species were detected in the lowland rivers studied. Species number and diversity varied significantly according to mean summer water temperatures and size of the watercourses. Summer-cold brooks contained on average 3-5 species, brooks with higher summer temperatures 5-8 species and small lowland rivers around 10-14 species. Small lowland brooks contained a significantly higher number of fish species when they flowed into or out of lakes: typically around 8-12.In the northeastern German lowlands the following three different river types were distinguished according to their fish assemblages: (1) The “lowland trout brook”, where brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) are reference species and accompanied by stone loach (Barbatula barbatula (L.)), brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri (Bloch)), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), ten-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius (L.)) and gudgeon (Gobio gobio (L.)); (2) The “perch- and roach-dominated lowland brook”, where perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) are reference species, accompanied by pike (Esox lucius L.), three-spined stickleback and gudgeon; and (3) The “lowland lake connected brook” inhabited by higher numbers of fish species, with higher proportions of cyprinid fishes, and higher proportions of limnophilic fish. Apart from perch and roach, bleak (Alburnus alburnus (L.)), common bream (Abramis brama (L.)), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna (L.)) and rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.)) also occurred frequently.Further two observed fish-based types were not considered: The potential stone loach-dominated brook was not sufficiently represented in this study to be verified, and the stickleback brook was considered to represent degradation of lowland trout brooks.The correspondence between the fish-based typology and the morphology-based German stream typology was rather weak and requires further investigation.