Spatial conflicts in New Zealand fisheries: The rights of fishers and protection of the marine environment

New Zealand fisheries legislation provides commercial fishing rights to holders of individual transferable quota (ITQ). The settlement of fisheries claims against the Crown by Mäori, New Zealand's indigenous people, brought about the transfer of ITQ holdings to Mäori, and an obligation on the Crown to recognise and provide for indigenous (customary) fishing rights over fishing grounds and other areas that have been of special significance to Mäori. Some types of customary fishing areas exclude commercial fishing and could affect recreational fishing. Fisheries legislation requires that regulatory measures be put in place to avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of fishing. The Government also aims to protect marine biodiversity by having 10% of New Zealand waters in some form of protection by 2010. The legislative processes for protecting the marine environment and establishing customary fishing areas include assessment of effects on fishing rights. This paper explores the conflicts that arise from legislative obligations to uphold the rights of fishers, to sustain fishstocks and to protect the marine environment. The paper concludes that inconsistent legislative obligations and their disparate processes have led to spatial conflicts and a race for the allocation of space. Legislative obligations need to be integrated to maintain a balance between use of fisheries resources and protection of the marine environment.     

Contested territorialization and biophysical expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia

Palm oil is used in human nutrition and industrial products including cosmetics and biodiesel. Exponential growth in oil palm land and palm oil production in Indonesia currently make the country the world’s largest producer of this vegetable oil. The expansion of oil palm plantations is linked to processes of territorialization and reterritorialization from the 1960s until today. Under the so-called New Order of Suharto from 1966 onwards, territorialization processes were geared toward achieving centralization. Oil palm plantations were instrumental in exercising this central control over the Outer Islands and simultaneously provided an important export commodity for the opening of the Indonesian economy. In the wake of the 1997/1998 Asian economic crisis and with the end of Suharto’s rule, Indonesia entered a period of reform marked by decentralization and related reterritorialization processes. Oil palm plantations continued to grow as foreign investment and plantation ownership by private businesses became increasingly relevant. Based on the size and composition of Indonesian material use, the argument can be made that territorialization and reterritorialization processes played a decisive role in establishing and upholding extractivism as a development pathway. The specific forms of (re)territorialization in the expansion of plantation agriculture in Indonesia, however, are contested and associated with competing claims for alternative forms of territorialization.     

家的解码:空间句法对家空间研究的内容与方法

家是地理学透视社会现象的窗口,家空间是地理学关注人地关系的微观尺度。作为住宅建筑与其居住主体发生联系的空间系统,家空间内部的组构差异可以反映不同的社会文化逻辑。空间句法作为一种定量分析城市形态的理论方法,在研究家空间形态与其社会文化逻辑关系时兼具定量和定性分析的优势。国外运用空间句法对家（family、home、house）空间的研究已日益成熟,而国内的相关工作却尚未涉及。首先阐述空间句法对家研究的基本过程与思路;其次,基于对国外相关研究的梳理、分析后,从家的“基因型”、家的“恒定”与“转换” 、家的“二元性”3个方面进行了归纳和总结,发现空间句法中的“空间”与传统地理学中的“空间”既不同又互补;不同民族文化、生活方式与其家空间之间存在组构关系;相同文化背景下家空间的组构具有时代性。地理学对家空间的关注一直比较薄弱,空间句法对家空间的研究为探究人与其居住空间之关系提供了新的视角。     

服务业区位选择的交通网络指向研究——以北京城市中心区为例

基于空间句法、核密度估计和皮尔森相关分析等方法,以北京城市中心区为例,结合空间句法轴线模型与百度POI（Points of Interest）数据,探讨服务业区位选择的交通网络指向规律。结果表明：①北京城市中心区的交通网络总体呈现“东优西劣、北优南劣、西南最劣”的空间格局,高层级网络则呈现“中心环状集聚—外围多极分布”的分布模式。②与高穿行度交通网络相比,高整合度交通网络的区位指向性更强,在不同尺度均更易诱发服务业的集聚。③总体而言,服务业区位选择的交通网络指向性明显,但不同类型服务业的区位指向程度依据研究尺度的不同具有显著差异,并据此将25类主要服务业划分为街区指向型、街道指向型、双重指向型和无指向型四类。本文对探索服务业集聚发展规律、提高服务业和交通网络规划的科学性具有参考意义,并可为北京城市中心区服务业存量优化提供决策依据。     

认知地图的空间句法研究

将意识层面的空间意象外化为可被度量及分析的对象,一直是行为学、地理学、旅游学等学科关注的重要课题。本文主要从构建空间意象的结构而非意义入手,对该领域研究中的两种重要方法,即认知地图法和空间句法进行了比较,意图找到两种方法在空间结构性认知方面的相关性。基于句法空间结构的表达模型,分别就长沙太平街历史街区集成度及其认知地图的调研结果进行了比对,通过真实地图句法集成度与579 份认知地图意象要素出现频率等指标的比较,发现集成度指标与意象出现频率等指标存在较好的相关性。在对认知地图样本进行轴线化转换并比照真实地图的轴线索引后,对真实地图句法集成度与579 份认知地图平均句法集成度进行比较,发现认知地图与真实地图的句法分析在结果上仍有较好的相关性,且节点、标志物两要素的出现频次等指标也与所在街道的集成度存在较为明显的对应性。结论说明空间构形对人们结构性意象的形成有着重要的影响力,认知地图的句法分析对揭示人们空间知识的形成机制具有一定的参考价值,两种方法有相互补充的可能性。     

句法视角下广州市沙湾古镇空间形态的时空演化

以广州市番禺区沙湾古镇为研究对象,基于空间句法理论轴线模型对2002、2008、2017年3个年份的城市形态进行建模分析。结果表明：1）从沙湾古镇整体形态看,古镇经历了由“单核内聚”到“轴带生长”,再到“发散蔓延”的3个发展阶段,古镇核心不断扩大,形态趋于完善;2）古镇空间形态外拓方向和集成核中心的扩展方向一致,古镇新商业中心转移与空间形态演变呈同步性;3）古镇集成核与商业中心发展不同步的现象,与现代城市的正交网格形态以及传统古镇相对密集复杂的空间肌理有关。文章揭示了快速城市化过程中的传统村落空间形态的发展规律,并提出未来古镇的空间设计应适当遵循空间同构、合理规划交通道路、理性控制旅游开发,从而保护与延续古镇原有的空间特质的建议,为传统村落新空间设计,继承与重构空间发展结构和秩序提供有益借鉴。     

卫星云图的计算机分析识别

提出了采用数学形态学与句法模式识别结合，将云系结构与天气系统联系起来的卫星云图计算机分析识别方法，克服了传统的统计识别方法不能很好地反映云系整体性结构的缺陷，对一次台风过程不同阶段云系发展演特征，实现了计算机分析识别试验，结果显示，在台风发展的不同阶段，云系的结构，形状和组成是不同的。     

基于空间句法的地铁可达性评价分析——以2008年北京地铁规划图为例

可达性是城市规划、土地开发、房地产投资、交通管理等领域必须考虑的重要因素。论文结合乘坐北京市地铁更关心转换次数的特点,采用空间句法中平均深度值的形态分析变量,对2008年北京市各地铁线路、各起始站、各换乘站的可达性做了数量化的评价。评价结果表明,(1)空间句法是一种适于按线路单一票价计费的地铁评价方法;(2)基于空间句法的北京各地铁线路的可达性评价较为宏观、粗糙,而空间句法的北京各地铁起始站、换乘站的可达性评价则较为微观、精细;(3)2008年北京地铁的规划充分考虑了中关村地区、亚奥地带、西单、东单等地区旺盛的交通需求;(4)与市内其他地铁线相比,8号、9号地铁线的可达性较差,使用率可能会较低,建议结合OD流调整班次或车长,以降低运行成本。     

Land related grievances shape tropical forest-cover in areas affected by armed-conflict

Armed-conflicts often occur in tropical areas considered to be of high ‘conservation-value’, termed as such for their biodiversity or carbon-storage functions. Despite this important overlap, few studies have assessed how forest-biomass is affected by armed-conflicts. Thus, in this paper we develop a multinomial logit model to examine how outcomes of the interactions between carbon-storage, armed-conflict and deforestation rates are linked to social, institutional and economic factors. We use Colombia as a case study because of its protracted armed-conflict, high forest-cover, sustained deforestation rates and on-going peace processes. Our empirical results show that the impacts of armed-conflicts on forest-cover are connected to specific socio-economical processes, such as unequal land distribution and land-grabbing, which typically occurs as part of ‘agricultural colonization’. Findings address a research gap by providing statistically sound evidence for associations between armed-conflicts and land-related grievances, which has rarely been demonstrated empirically. Our results also suggest that forest commons are associated with reduced armed-conflict, and simultaneously provide contributions to carbon storage and to meeting basic needs. Moreover, our forest-conflict transition models provide useful visual means to capture and relay to policymakers-the causes of forest cover-changes in a conflict-affected country. Finally, our findings imply that in dedicating their efforts to resolving land-ownership disputes, the Colombian government might uphold their international climate change commitments via reducing deforestation and hence forest based carbon emissions, while pursuing their national security objective via undermining opportunities for guerrilla groups to operate.     

地图综合中目标空间关系维护

在地图综合的过程中,比例尺的变化以及各种综合算子都可能导致目标产生空间关系冲突。以往在对空间关系进行维护时,通常只是对拓扑关系变化进行探测与控制。由于方向关系是人们在日常生活中用途最为广泛的空间关系,研究在地图综合中如何有效维护目标间的方向关系具有重要的科学意义。本文采用定性空间推理的方法,建立考虑目标方向关系的移位安全区,从而可以综合检测与控制拓扑关系与方向关系的冲突及其传播,并就本方法存在的问题和今后的研究方向提出了一些看法和思路。