不均衡的跨国人口流动：对美墨移民历程与政策的思考

美国是全球最大的移民接收国,墨西哥是美国最大的移民来源国,特殊的地缘关系和巨大的发展差距使众多墨西哥人移民美国。墨裔移民为美国提供了充足的劳动力,在美墨边境地区,移民集聚带动了两国边境地区的发展。但族裔矛盾始终是美国主要社会问题之一,特别是“9·11”事件后,少数族裔和非法移民问题加剧美国社会分裂和对立,成为美国国内政治博弈的焦点。基于区域地缘关系的视角来看,美国与墨西哥之间长期不对等的国际关系决定了跨国移民的流入状态和生存境遇,也是美国族群矛盾的主要原因之一。移民问题政治化将持续强化墨裔移民政策的不确定性,使移民个人与家庭面临更大的融入困难。     

基于空间句法的武汉城市圈城乡道路网通达性演化分析

将空间句法理论与GIS相结合,基于1989~2010年武汉城市圈城乡道路网数据,定量分析城乡道路网发育的空间通达性演化规律:1 1989~2010年,城乡道路网拓扑连接位序-规模结构日益发育典型,形成稳定的"金字塔"结构,高等级、高控制力的高通达性轴线发育水平较低,导致整个网络伺服效率和应对"拥堵"能力的低下;2武汉城市圈城乡道路网生长发育具有时空惯性,呈现典型的"核心-边缘"和"等级圈层"复合结构;并生成两条带状城乡交通走廊和多个不同等级有序融合的"轴-辐"网络体系;3城乡道路网这种通达性等级空间格局与圈域城镇体系、交通设施和社会经济发展状况密切相关,尤其是与高速公路为代表的高等级路网发育水平,表现出复杂的共轭协调关系,表现出周期性和螺旋式的空间嬗变,是城乡道路网自组织生长机制支配,以及路网扩张和细分两种内力共同交互作用的结果。     

基于空间句法的城市立体交通通达性模型及其应用——以石家庄市为例

当前通达性研究多单方面关注地面交通或地下轨道交通,缺少对地面、地下一体化立体交通通达性的研究。利用空间句法形态分析变量,分别表述地面和地下交通的通达性,并以地面公交站点通过的公交车数量作为权重因子,构建地下交通通达性向地面交通传递的纽带,最终建立城市立体交通空间通达性模型。研究表明,该模型可用于立体交通通达性的计算,定量描述结果更符合城市交通通达性现实状况,可作为城市科学布局与发展的依据。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Marine Resources of Kuwait: Their Role in the Development of Non-oil Resources . Fatimah H. Y. al -Abdul -Razzak Recollections of a Revolution: Geography as Spatial Science . Mark Billinge , Derek Gregory and Ron Martin Entre l'Eden et l'Utopie . Luc Bureau Developments in Political Geography . M. A. Busteed The Elements of Graphing Data . William S. Cleveland Rural Resource Management . Paul J. Cloke and Chris C. Park Third World Atlas . Ben Crow and Alan Thomas Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use . Susan L. Cutter , Hilary Lambert Renwick, and William H. Renwick . Wine Regions of the Southern Hemisphere . Harm Jan de Blij Regional Development: Problems and Policies in Eastern and Western Europe . George Demko The Geographer at Work . Peter R. Gould Change in the Amazon Basin . John Hemming Geography Since the Second World War . R. J. Johnston and P. Claval Urbanization in China: Town and Countryside in a Developing Economy 1949–2000 A.D. , R. J. R. Kirkby Transport and Communications for Pacific Microstates: Issues in Organisation and Management . Christopher C. Kissling Fluvial Forms and Processes . David Knighton The Urban Millennium . Josef W. Konvitz Technological Transition in Cartography . Mark Stephen Monmonier Field Guide to Soils and the Environment: Applications of Soil Surveys . Gerald W. Olson Northern Australia: The Arenas of Life and Ecosystems on Half a Continent . Don Parkes A Killing Rain: The Global Threat of Acid Rain . Thomas Pawlick From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the West, 1850–1931 . Donald J. Pisani Hybrid Maize Diffusion in Kenya . Franz -Michael Rundquist Warning and Response to the Mount St. Helens Eruption . Thomas F. Saarinen and James L. Sell Coastal Geomorphology in Australia . B. G. Thom Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East , 2nd ed . T. C. Whitmore The Dark Side of the Earth . Robert Muir Wood Categorical Data Analysis for Geographers and Environmental Scientists , Neil Wrigley     

道路网增量更新中拓扑冲突的检测方法

为提高空间数据增量更新中拓扑冲突的检测效率,针对道路网数据,首先分析了增量要素进行更新时可能产生的拓扑冲突的类型和特点,运用规则格网进行邻近区域的表达;然后使用5元组模型描述增量要素与邻近区域要素间的拓扑关系,与设定的拓扑冲突表达进行比较,判断是否存在拓扑冲突。实验结果表明,本方法对于道路网数据增量更新中的拓扑冲突的类型区分准确全面,检测效率较高,具有很好的实用性和可靠性。     

Collaborative Governance and Conflict Management: Lessons Learned and Good Practices from a Case Study in the Amazon Basin

Abstract

Given the linkages between natural resources and social conflicts, evidence increasingly shows that successful natural resource management requires conflict mitigation and prevention. However, there may be a gap in practice between knowing what processes and tools need to be used to manage conservation conflicts and how to actually implement them. We present learning from a practice-based case study of conflict management in the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve in the Peruvian Amazon that aimed to develop natural resource governance institutions and build stakeholder capacity, including of indigenous groups, to navigate existing conflict resolution mechanisms. Through applying good practices in conservation conflict management and collaborative governance, we generated important lessons on the practical considerations involved in collaborative conservation. These lessons, while specific to our case, could be applied to a variety of protected areas facing complex social-ecological systems dynamics and wicked problems.     

基于CDT骨架线的地图目标邻近冲突识别

制图综合过程中随着比例尺的缩小,不可避免地产生邻近冲突。为了在数字环境下自动地解决这类冲突,首先需要实现这些冲突的自动识别。文中提出一种基于CDT骨架线的地图目标邻近冲突识别方法。该方法首先基于CDT提取地图目标之间空白区域的骨架线;然后沿着每一条骨架线弧段所穿过的三角形路径搜索相邻地图目标之间的冲突区域(宽度小于阈值的三角形集合);最后,从冲突涉及的地图目标、发生冲突的空间位置以及冲突严重程度3个方面给出所识别冲突的定量化描述,从而为邻近冲突的解决提供依据。     

平遥票号传统建筑空间研究:基于空间句法的分析

建筑是体现与传承文化的物质载体,它将一定的社会文化、准则、习俗固化于其形态之中。平遥票号作为晋商建筑的典型代表,其内部空间组构特征体现了一定时期、地域的文化逻辑及生产、生活方式。空间句法作为一种分析空间与其所承载社会逻辑之关系的理论,为深入分析建筑空间形态与组构、功能、内在的文化逻辑提供了新的视角。通过田野调查、访谈及句法软件等分析方法,对不同类型的票号建筑空间分析后发现:平遥票号是晋商建筑的典型代表,其空间的文化逻辑主要通过空间整合度和视觉差异来体现,社会文化也正是通过空间的组构特征来传达;由不同性质建筑改造来的票号反映出不同的空间等级和社会文化,具体体现在整体布局、空间等级、院落布局、对外联系及功能布局等方面。这些发现为理解建筑形式与功能提供了新的思路,为传统建筑票号空间的保护与修复提供了科学依据,同时也可以提高文化遗产地遗产解说系统的科学性。     

基于GIS和空间句法的城市形态实证研究

近年来,空间句法理论作为复杂理论众多分支中的一个,受到众多学者的关注,它被广泛应用于GIS领域,为城市形态研究提供了新视角。Axwoman,既是新兴的空间句法工具,同时又是集成于ArcGIS的用于城市形态分析的功能扩展,常被用来计算空间形态变量和评估空间形态。本文以斯德哥尔摩市街道网络为例构建轴线图,并对其连接值引入相关尺度分析方法,计算结果显示,轴线图连接值服从幂律分布规律。     

Spatial patterns of retail activity and street network structure in new and traditional Israeli cities

The association between spatial patterns of retail activity and the spatial configuration of street networks was examined by means of the space syntax methodology in eight Israeli cities that represent two city types, characterized by different planning approaches and urban growth: (i) new towns, which were established according to a comprehensive city plan and modern planning concepts of “tree-like” hierarchical street networks and “neighborhood units”; (ii) older cities, where street networks and the spatial patterns of retail activity were formed incrementally during their growth. Unlike in older cities, retail activity in new towns concentrates in relatively less-accessible and intermediate locations. This is indicated by a weak correlation between retail activity and the street network’s Integration and Choice centrality measures. The comparison between Israeli cities illustrates the influence of urban growth and planning approaches on the formation of retail activity and its interaction with the structure of the street network.