基于亮度补偿的遥感影像阴影遮挡道路提取方法

在基于高分辨率遥感影像的道路提取中,阴影遮挡是导致提取的部分或整段道路缺失的重要因素,严重制约了道路提取的自动化过程,因此探索适用性强的阴影情况下道路提取方法对地图数据生产和地理大数据研究具有重要意义。本文针对传统的阴影系数修正方法难以消除植被、建筑上的阴影对道路提取带来的干扰,选用路面颜色不一、地物干扰少的郊区影像与地物丰富、路面地物阴影干扰严重的市区影像开展研究,提出了基于亮度补偿的阴影遮挡道路的提取方法。首先,在图像预处理的基础上,利用HSI阈值分割获取阴影区域;其次,在削弱蓝色分量信息后采用亮度补偿方法实现像素点空间域增强以及阴影区信息的恢复,在增大道路面阴影与周围环境差异的基础上,借助高效的分割算法实现阴影道路提取;最后,通过和由K-means聚类分割获取的非阴影道路进行合并,经细化处理最终实现阴影遮挡道路的完整提取。实验结果表明,此方法提取郊区与市区影像中阴影道路的正确率在80%以上,该方法能有效地提取阴影遮挡道路,消除其他阴影的干扰,降低阴影道路提取时的斑块破碎度,较好的保留道路的主体。     

网络地理信息服务中用户空间访问聚集行为研究

研究网络地理信息服务用户的访问行为,有利于了解用户地理信息兴趣、实现按需服务.本文基于全空间信息系统建模的理论,构建用户-访问城市关系网络,研究用户访问的空间聚集性.顾及到关系网络中行为关系强度的表达需要同时考虑用户访问行为、城市关联关系和城市结构,仅用单一的用户访问行为数据会存在偏差,本文提出了基于矩阵分解的数据融合...     

语义轨迹建模与挖掘研究进展

语义轨迹是时空轨迹和语义信息融合的产物。除了含有时空信息以外,语义轨迹包括移动对象自身的运动状态（如速度、方向）、环境（如气温、空间拓扑关系）和社交关系（如好友关系、社交活动）等多方面信息。挖掘语义轨迹可以深入地发现个体或群体移动行为的意图、习惯、情感等高阶语义内容,从而深层次发现个体或群体移动行为的模式、关系和规律等。因而,相较于时空轨迹,语义轨迹在语义性、解释性、可行性等方面更符合决策分析应用的实践需求,具有更重要的研究意义和应用价值。本文对语义轨迹挖掘的关键技术进行了综述。首先,介绍语义轨迹的基本概念,并且根据语义元素类型的不同总结了4种常见的定义形式。其次,归纳了语义轨迹建模的基本阶段,包括预处理、轨迹分段和语义富化。由于语义轨迹无法像时空轨迹那样从位置感知设备中采集获得,因此语义轨迹是通过建模技术得到的,主要通过将语义信息和时空轨迹相融合生成相应的语义轨迹。然后,介绍语义轨迹挖掘的主要任务,包括语义轨迹模式挖掘、语义轨迹聚类、语义轨迹分类、语义轨迹异常检测等。针对每一项挖掘任务,介绍了有关的基本原理和相关算法,总结了主要的关键技术和挑战。最后,探讨了语义轨迹挖掘现存的研究难点和未来研究方向。从模型定义、语义标注技术、多源数据建模等方面,讨论了语义轨迹建模的重要研究问题;从语义轨迹数据管理、分类和预测、流式数据挖掘、隐私保护、多粒度挖掘、评价方法等方面,探讨了语义轨迹挖掘的未来研究问题。     

多视图协同的海洋多要素环境数据关联关系分析方法

海洋事件离不开各要素环境数据的共同作用,获取要素之间的关联关系从而进行海洋事件的预报预测,是一个亟待解决的问题。为此,本文提出一种多视图协同的关联关系分析方法来度量海洋各要素数据间的关联关系。首先,在传统平行坐标技术的基础上增加刷技术、轴排序等功能对海洋多要素数据进行初步探索,同时引入散点矩阵图展示各要素的分布;其次,以平行坐标中数据线间的角度、面积以及散点图中要素分布的距离为差异度量方式,对计算得到的差异构建相似性矩阵;再次,采用多维标度法得到原始多要素数据在低维空间中的表达;最后,使用K-means算法对降维后的低维度数据进行聚类分析。本文提出的方法从视觉角度对数据进行分析和特征挖掘,并得到高维数据在低维空间上的可视化展示,实现了有效量化海洋数据不同要素间的相关关系。     

Geographic Polarization,Partisan Voting,And The Battle Over Same‐Sex Marriage Within The Culture War

Geographic polarization arises when partisan, or like‐minded, voters live in enclaves separate from voters of differing partisan behavior. Research studies at multiple scales of analysis suggest that geographic polarization most typically occurs regarding partisan voting behavior; however, few studies have analyzed polarization with a focus on policy preferences. This research examines same‐sex marriage policy through two statewide issues that shared the presidential election ballot in 2004. The results of that presidential election and these two ballot initiatives are examined in Cincinnati, Ohio, and counties in its surrounding Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in both Ohio and Kentucky. A geographically polarized relationship was found between partisan results and same‐sex marriage results. In addition, the findings suggest that despite a close link between partisan voting and issue voting on same‐sex marriage, spatial clustering (geographic polarization) was identified of those who voted differently from their fellow partisans.     

Identifying American Beer Geographies: A Multiscale Core-Cluster Analysis of U.S. Breweries

The recent growth in the U.S. brewing industry is remarkable, and the prevailing number of breweries has not been seen since the late nineteenth century. Several studies have shown that beer-producing facilities are spatially uneven across the United States. These previous studies used spatial units, however, such as metropolitan statistical areas, that might bias conclusions. Using a multiscale core-cluster approach, we explicitly identify where significant agglomerations of brewers are located. Our approach offers two refinements to standard cluster detection methods. First, instead of using fixed spatial boundaries, our method allows us to measure the concentration of brewery point locations across a spectrum of spatial scales. Additionally, our approach enables us to account for important underlying factors that influence the location of beer production. We use point data for all U.S. breweries in 2014. Our results show that the localization of beer production is significant and strongest at small spatial scales and diminishes rapidly with increasing distance, after controlling for population. We map the results to show the spatial variation in brewery agglomeration across the United States.     

基于轨迹数据场的热点区域提取及空间交互分析——以深圳市为例

以深圳市出租车GPS数据为基础,运用时空拓展的轨迹数据场聚类方法提取城市交通热点区域,结合城市POI(Point of Interest)数据和地理实况对热点区域加以理解和分析。基于复杂网络的视角,计算交互分析指标并可视化热点区域的空间交互网络,探究城市交通和居民出行的时空规律。结果表明:1)交通枢纽(机场、火车站和口岸)、综合性商圈、城市重要主干道周边和城市商务中心在节假日和工作日均表现为持续热点区域;2)节假日热点区域分布较"发散",主要反映了居民个性化出行需求;3)工作日热点区域分布较"收敛",主要表现为职住分离的通勤模式;4)不同热点区域在空间交互网络中的重要性存在明显差异,其空间交互体现了距离衰减效应和局部抱团现象,居民出行的热点区域网络本身具有小世界效应和无标度特征。     

基于自然语言形态描述的地理实体模拟表达方法

日常生活中人们使用定性的自然语言描述地理实体,如何将定性描述的地理实体转换为定量的图形符号是空间认知、地图表达等领域面临的挑战。本文提出一种基于自然语言形态描述的地理实体表达方法,通过对自然语言中地理实体的语义信息进行分析,对自然语言描述的地理实体的形状、大小、分布状况等空间形态信息以地图形式进行近似表达。本文首先阐述了自然语言形态描述的定义与内涵,结合地图符号相关理论,研究了形态描述驱动的地理实体模拟表达策略,并对不同语义模糊度的地理实体图形表达进行了分析和实例设计,最后提出了一种计算空间实体相似性的方法对表达效果进行评估。结果表明,基于本文方法的地理实体模拟表达与手绘图中地理实体的平均相似度达到89.5%,与导览图的地理实体平均相似度达到86.86%,能够实现较好的表达效果,具有一定的科学性和可行性,为自然语言到地图语言的转换研究奠定了基础。     

A quantitative framework for analysing long term spatial clustering and vegetation fragmentation in an urban landscape using multi-temporal landsat data

Rapid urbanization threatens urban green spaces and vegetation, demonstrated by a decrease in connectivity and higher levels of fragmentation. Understanding historic spatial and temporal patterns of such fragmentation is important for habitat and biological conservation, ecosystem management and urban planning. Despite their potential value, Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) measures have not been sufficiently exploited in monitoring the spatial and temporal variability in clustering and fragmentation of vegetation patterns in urban areas. LISA statistics are an important structural measure that indicates the presence of outliers, zones of similarity (hot spots) and of dissimilarity (cold spots) at proximate locations, hence they could be used to explicitly capture spatial patterns that are clustered, dispersed or random. In this study, we applied landscape metrics, LISA indices to analyse the temporal variability in clustering and fragmentation patterns of vegetation patches in Harare metropolitan city, Zimbabwe using Landsat series data for 1994, 2001 and 2017. Analysis of landscape metrics showed an increase in the fragmentation of vegetation patches between 1994–2017 as shown by the decrease in mean patch size, an increase in number of patches, edge density and shape complexity of vegetation patches. The study further demonstrates the utility of LISA indices in identifying key hot spot and cold spots. Comparatively, the highly vegetated northern parts of the city were characterised by significantly high positive spatial autocorrelation (p < 0.05) of vegetation patches. Conversely, more dispersed vegetation patches were found in the highly and densely urbanized western, eastern and southern parts of the city. This suggest that with increasing vegetation fragmentation, small and isolated vegetation patches do not spatially cluster but are dispersed geographically. The findings of the study underline the potential of LISA measures as a valuable spatially explicit method for the assessment of spatial clustering and fragmentation of urban vegetation patterns.     

温州市新型冠状病毒肺炎时空分布格局演化分析

本文首先结合社交媒体信息和温州市新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）发展态势,获取疫情传播先验知识,进一步采用DBSCAN自适应聚类算法,分析温州市COVID-19时空分布格局与演化规律。结果表明：①温州市COVID-19易在20~59岁的青壮年人群,以及商业服务人员、农民和工人人群间传播;②我国针对人口流动采取的系列措施能够有效遏制疫情进一步蔓延,使得温州市聚类空间簇数量在时间上呈现先增加后减小的趋势;③温州市鹿城区银泰商贸附近、乐清市南部和瑞安市西部具有疫情扩散高风险,后期需增强防控力度。本文细粒度地分析了温州市疫情时空演化过程,能够更好地辅助温州市政府部门更精细地部署疫情防控措施。