The use of digital technologies for landslide disaster risk research and disaster risk management: progress and prospects

Landslide is a serious natural disaster next only to earthquake and flood, which will cause a great threat to people’s lives and property safety. The traditional research of landslide disaster based on experience-driven or statistical model and its assessment results are subjective , difficult to quantify, and no pertinence. As a new research method for landslide susceptibility assessment, machine learning can greatly improve the landslide susceptibility model’s accuracy by constructing statistical models. Taking Western Henan for example, the study selected 16 landslide influencing factors such as topography, geological environment, hydrological conditions, and human activities, and 11 landslide factors with the most significant influence on the landslide were selected by the recursive feature elimination (RFE) method. Five machine learning methods [Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)] were used to construct the spatial distribution model of landslide susceptibility. The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical index. After analysis and comparison, the XGBoost model (AUC 0.8759) performed the best and was suitable for dealing with regression problems. The model had a high adaptability to landslide data. According to the landslide susceptibility map of the five models, the overall distribution can be observed. The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are distributed in the Funiu Mountain range in the southwest, the Xiaoshan Mountain range in the west, and the Yellow River Basin in the north. These areas have large terrain fluctuations, complicated geological structural environments and frequent human engineering activities. The extremely high and highly prone areas were 12043.3 km² and 3087.45 km², accounting for 47.61% and 12.20% of the total area of the study area, respectively. Our study reflects the distribution of landslide susceptibility in western Henan Province, which provides a scientific basis for regional disaster warning, prediction, and resource protection. The study has important practical significance for subsequent landslide disaster management.     

Thermal and tectonic evolution of the southern Alps (northern Italy) rifting: Coupled organic matter maturity analysis and thermokinematic modeling

The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea. Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history. Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track (AFT) thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes. Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution. Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene. The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene, early Oligocene, and the Late Miocene, possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event, Nanhai Event, and Dongsha Event, respectively. The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455–712 m, with an erosion rate of 0.08–0.12 mm/a. The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one, with an erosion amount of about 747–814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13–0.21 mm/a. The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m, which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.     

Characteristics of B,Zn and Se in stream sediments of Tanzania and their agricultural applications: Based on 1∶1000000 geochemical survey

Tanzania is located in eastern Africa with a predominantly agricultural ecomomy, the potential for developing and utilizing cultivated land are promising, but scientific guidance is required. B, Zn and Se are essential micronutrients for plants and human body with crucial biological functions, in particular, Se is significant for human health and considered as “the king of anti-cancer”. As these elements required by human or plants are mainly absorbed from soil directly or indirectly, therefore,...     

近20年中国气象灾害损失的初步分析

采用全国气象部门收集的县（区）域行政单元灾情普查资料,结合全国气象站点降水观测资料,分析了1984—2008年中国暴雨及其引发的洪涝灾害的时空演变特点及灾害损失情况,揭示了气候变化及人类活动双重作用下中国暴雨洪涝灾害变化趋势和演变特点,以及暴雨洪涝灾害影响的时空差异性。结果表明：近25 a来中国暴雨日数总体上稍有增加,暴雨强度和暴雨天数的空间分布均表现为南方高于北方,东部高于西部的特点,20世纪90年代中后期为中国暴雨高发期。研究时段内,中国暴雨洪涝灾害造成的直接经济损失呈增加趋势,但直接经济损失占当年GDP的比例则呈下降趋势,平均每年经济损失约为573亿元人民币,损失较高的地区主要集中在中国南方地区,县域年平均损失超过2 000万元的县约占15%,其中有34个县超过亿元。受灾人口呈增加趋势,但因灾死亡人口呈下降趋势;暴雨洪涝灾害对农作物受灾面积和绝收面积的影响均呈微弱上升趋势,年平均作物受灾面积近9.00×10⁶ hm²,作物绝收面积为1.27×10⁶ hm²。

     

新时期榆林煤矿区生态保护修复与综合治理策略及路径探索

榆林作为陕北地区国家能源基地的重要组成部分,在过去30余年为中国经济社会发展作出了重要贡献。然而,煤炭资源开发不可避免地给当地生态环境带来了采空区塌陷、土地与水资源破坏、生态退化等诸多问题,且目前因煤炭规模开发的负面效应持续加剧着矿区水资源、土地资源的破坏以及生态系统韧性的下降,已然威胁到榆林经济社会的可持续发展及国家能源资源的长远安全。多年来,榆林煤矿区在地质环境治理方面形成了一批可复制、可推广的经验和模式,但目前仍然呈现出整体效果不显著、基金使用率低、实施阻力大、系统设计受限、顶层规划缺乏等“五个问题”的困境,多元化治理模式和相应的政策机制也尚未形成合力。为解决这一实际,本研究在剖析煤矿区生态问题现状及生态修复工作面临问题及原因的基础上,结合煤矿区治理现状及乡村高质量发展需求,创新形成了“1个目标、2个底线、3个空间、4种模式”的榆林市煤矿区综合治理系统性解决策略,建议了3项创新机制以及“三步走战略”的具体实践路径,总结了适用于榆林煤矿区生态修复+N的综合治理模式清单,最后从政策、技术、管理等方面提出了对策建议。研究结果有助于为下一步系统性、整体性指导榆林市各煤矿企业开展矿山生态保护修复工作提供借鉴,切实促进煤矿区生态保护修复走向多元化综合治理模式、走向社会–经济–生态协调的绿色发展新格局。     

新疆乌恰县阿克塔木–阿克塔什地区地球化学特征及找矿方向

笔者在1∶5万水系沉积物测量成果的基础上,对阿克塔木-阿克塔什一带的Cu、Au、Zn等18种元素地球化学特征进行了初步总结。发现该区Cu、Au等元素具有较高的背景,且分异较大。R型聚类分析显示Cu元素与Zn、Cd等亲硫元素相关性强,而Au元素显示了独立的成矿性。本次工作共圈定了35个以Cu、Au为主的综合异常,并对异常进行了评序和分类;共圈定甲类异常4个,乙类异常22个,丙类异常7个,丁类异常2个。结合区内成矿地质条件和异常检查工作,优选了萨洛依、小尚亥–依买克、古鲁滚涅克、阿克沙热、央布拉克及乌鲁阿特等6个地球化学成矿远景较好的靶区;指出该区的找矿方向应以寻找海相块状硫化物型铜（锌）矿和岩浆–热液石英脉型金（银）矿2个方向进行。     

物探测量在老挝万象市塞塔尼县钾盐矿床中的应用

通过老挝万象市塞塔尼县钾盐矿床详查工作,物探测量选择重力测量、综合测井、采样分析等方法取得了良好的效果。重力测量圈定2类18块成矿有利靶区;综合测井确定矿体准确位置和厚度;采样计算矿体密度;实验室分析计算矿体品位。展现了此方法在该区找矿上的应用成果及钾盐矿床的矿体特征,为钾盐矿体资源（储）量的估算提供了重要的基本参数和依据。     

内蒙古阿拉善北部雅干构造带白山组火山岩年龄、地球化学特征及其对区域构造演化的约束

阿拉善北部雅干地区古生代火山岩发育,研究其形成时代和地质特征,对探讨中亚造山带中段南缘北山弧盆系的演化具有重要的意义。对雅干地区原划奥陶系火山岩进行了同位素年代学与地球化学研究,获得流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为298.4±1.5Ma,时代为早二叠世初期,结合岩石组合特征和区域对比,将其重新厘定为上石炭统—下二叠统白山组。该套火山岩富SiO2、高K2O、低TiO2,属于钙碱性系列; 相对富集Rb、Pb、K等大离子亲石元素,明显亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素; 呈现为轻稀土元素相对富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的的右倾特征,具有较明显的负Eu异常,显示出陆缘弧火山岩的地球化学特征。上述证据表明,雅干地区白山组火山岩形成于古亚洲洋向明水-旱山地块北缘俯冲的陆缘弧构造环境。     

银额盆地额济纳旗伊很乌苏地区下白垩统巴音戈壁组的微体化石及沉积环境

银额盆地额济纳地区中生代地层分布广泛,近些年的研究表明,盆地内发现的油气多来源于中生代地层的烃源岩,因此研究银额盆地中生代地层具有十分重要的意义。通过对银额盆地额济纳地区微体化石进行分析研究,发现鉴定了孢粉3属3种,介形类3属6种,其共存时限为早白垩世。据此将前人原划上侏罗统重新厘定为下白垩统巴音戈壁组,并根据岩石组合特征将其划分为3个岩性段。结合化石古生态、沉积构造和区域地质背景,认为巴音戈壁组3个岩性段分别代表了近岸水下扇、滨—浅湖、扇三角洲平原的淡水—微咸水内陆河湖相沉积环境,揭示其沉积经历了湖盆从产生、发展到萎缩的演化过程。巴音戈壁组岩石组合、沉积环境和化石组合特征的研究结果,有助于区域地层研究对比,为研究油气基础地质和区域演化提供基础资料。     

东昆仑西段原特提斯洋洋盆闭合时间——来自新疆木孜塔格地区同碰撞花岗岩的证据

通过对东昆仑造山带西段木孜塔格地区二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学数据研究,探讨其成因及构造环境,为东昆仑造山带的构造演化提供新信息。对木孜塔格地区出露的中粗粒二长花岗岩和中细粒二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得其206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为415±4 Ma（MSWD=2.9）和419±6 Ma（MSWD=4.3）,表明该花岗岩形成于早泥盆世。全岩地球化学分析结果显示,木孜塔格地区中粗粒和中细粒二长花岗岩均具有高硅、低镁和低钛特征,铝饱和指数大于1.0,主体为钙碱性弱过铝质花岗岩系列。稀土元素配分图和微量元素蛛网图显示,2类花岗岩富集轻稀土元素和Rb等元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Yb、Y等高场强元素,结合CaO/Na2O和Al2O3/TiO2值及区域地质资料,推测木孜塔格地区花岗岩应形成于同碰撞构造环境,且岩浆源区为贫粘土沉积物的陆壳。综合造山带已有研究成果,提出东昆仑造山带原特提斯洋的闭合在时空上表现出差异性,整体呈现出纵向上北部和中部早于南部,横向上东段早于西段的特征。