地理相似性：地理学的第三定律?

定律对知识的理解和传播具有极大的推动作用。本文通过对比地理学中的定律和物理学中的定律的异同之处,认为地理学的定律虽然在形式上和提出的方式上与经典的力学定律有所区别,但仍符合人们对“定律”的定义。在共识地理学定律存在的前提下,本文阐述了地理学的第一定律和第二定律中所体现出的地理学定律的特征——描述性和归纳性。基于这些对地理学定律所具有的特征的认识,本文首先介绍了Zhu等从空间推测的角度将所提出的地理学第三定律,即“地理环境越相似,地理特征越相近”,或称地理相似性定律。本文从普遍性、独立性和应用性3个方面探讨了地理相似性是否可以作为地理学的一个定律,认为地理相似性与地理学第一和第二定律相比,有着同样的普遍性,且与第一和第二定律所涉及的规律有着本质上的区别,在应用上可能解决第一和第二定律所面临的挑战,因此应可作为地理学第三定律。     

Three-dimensional model and late stage warping of the Plattengneis Shear Zone in the Eastern Alps

The Plattengneis shear zone is a 250–600 m thick, flat lying, Cretaceous, eclogite facies, mylonitic shear zone, with north-over-south transport direction, that is exposed over almost 1000 km² in the Koralpe region along the eastern margin of the Alps. Although the shear zone is one of the largest in the Alps, its role in the Eoalpine metamorphic evolution and the subsequent exhumation of the region, remain enigmatic and its large-scale geometry is not well understood. The outcrop pattern suggests that the shear zone is made up of a single sheet that is folded into a series of open syn- and antiforms with wavelengths of about 10 km. Eclogite bodies occur above, within and below the shear zone and there is no metamorphic grade change across the shear zone. In the south, the fold axes strike east–west and plunge shallowly to the east. In the north, the fold axes are oriented in north–south direction and form a dome shaped structure of the shear zone. Total shortening during this late stage warping event was of the order of 5%. Indirect evidence constrains this folding event to have occurred between 80 and 50 Ma and the fold geometry implies that the final exhumation in the Koralpe occurred somewhat later than further north. Interestingly, the shear zone appears to strike out of the topography in the south and dip into the topography in the north, so that north of the shear zone only hanging-wall rocks are exposed and south of it only foot-wall rocks. Possibilities for the geometric relationship of the Plattengneis shear zone with the surrounding south dipping detachments are discussed.     

甘孜地区雅拉河段地热系统特征及控制因素

综合应用区域地质、地震、地球化学等资料,对甘孜地区雅拉河段地热系统及其主控因素进行研究。分析认为,甘孜地区地热属于典型的对流型地热系统,雅拉河断裂破碎带及板岩中发育的大量裂隙共同构成了研究区的热储体,这些热储体沿雅拉河断裂带不均匀分布。研究区充沛的大气降水以及季节性的冰雪融水为地热系统提供充足的水源。雅拉河断裂与色拉哈断裂之间大范围相对平坦的区域以及大量储水洼地为地热系统中的水源提供存储空间。该地区地表裂隙发育,利于地表水向下渗透,是地下水的主要补给通道。色拉哈断裂的强烈活动为浅层地下水在重力作用下进一步向深层运移提供重要流体通道。雅拉河断裂带的地势相对低,断裂破碎带是深层流体上涌的重要通道。在流体供给区与出露区的重力势能差以及两条走滑断裂带压力差共同作用下,流体经深部热源加热后在流体通道内形成持续的热流体循环系统。     

Seismic structural control using an electric servomotor active mass driver system

This study investigates an electric‐type active mass driver (AMD) system for structural vibration control. Composed primarily of an electric servomotor and a ball screw, the electrical AMD system is free from noise problems, oil leakage, and labor‐intensive maintenance that commonly are associated with hydraulic AMD systems. The desired stroke amplification of the mass and the power demand of the servomotor can be adjusted via the ball screw pitch, which in turn affects the effectiveness and efficiency of the system. Meanwhile, an instantaneous optimal direct output feedback control algorithm is adopted. Numerical simulation is performed using a five‐story steel frame as the object structure under the conditions of the 1940 El Centro earthquake. The AMD system proves to be effective and efficient within a certain range of the ball screw pitch. The reductions of the peak responses can reach as high as 70% if properly designed. Requiring only the velocity measurement of the top floor for on‐line feedback control, the proposed control algorithm is recommended for practical implementation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Life‐cycle cost assessment of RC and ECC frames using structural optimization

In this study life‐cycle cost (LCC) assessment of structural frames is performed. Two different materials, reinforced concrete (RC) and reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC), with different response characteristics are used to model the frames. ECC is characterized by high tensile ductility and energy absorption and reduced crack widths when compared to conventional concrete. However, the material is more expensive than conventional concrete; therefore, in order to quantify the potential benefits that could be obtained by replacing concrete with ECC, the life‐cycle performance is evaluated in an optimization framework. Three different structural frames are considered: an RC only frame, an ECC only frame and a multi‐material (MX) frame in which ECC is selectively applied at the potential plastic hinge locations while the remainder of the frame is made of RC. The structural capacity and earthquake demand are evaluated using rigorous analysis methods to capitalize on different characteristics of concrete and ECC, and both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties are incorporated into the LCC formulation. It is found that both the initial and LCC of frames that use ECC are lower due to savings in material and labor cost of transverse reinforcement for the former and due to increased capacity and reduced demand for the latter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robust H∞ control for aseismic structures with uncertainties in model parameters

This paper presents a robust H∞ output feedback control approach for structural systems with uncertainties in model parameters by using available acceleration measurements and proposes conditions for the existence of such a robust output feedback controller. The uncertainties of structural stiffness, damping and mass parameters are assumed to be norm-bounded. The proposed control approach is formulated within the framework of linear matrix inequalities, for which existing convex optimization techniques, such as the LMI toolbox in MATLAB, can be used effectively and conveniently. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed robust H∞ strategy, a six-story building was subjected both to the 1940 El Centro earthquake record and to a suddenly applied Kanai-Tajimi filtered white noise random excitation. The results show that the proposed robust H∞ controller provides satisfactory results with or without variation of the structural stiffness, damping and mass parameters.     

塔里木盆地北缘兴地断裂构造变形特征

兴地断裂发生在中元古代末期，使中元古巨厚的沉积岩发生了强烈褶皱和隆起，并伴有大量岩浆侵入和区域变质作用。在兴地断裂形成的同时，发生了第一期构造变形，其特点以韧性变形为主，由三个变形幕构成，形成了本区主要构造骨架；晚元古代本区进入晋宁期发展阶段，团结的塔里木地台基底局部裂开，形成一系列近东西向的断陷盆地，发生了第二期变形，形成以塑性变形为主的板劈理和千枚理为其特征。该期变形结束了塔里木基底发展，进入了稳定盖层沉积发展阶段；进入早古生代，兴地断裂控制了该时期的沉积作用，之后发生第三期变形，以脆性变形为主，形成一系列碎裂岩和脆性变形组构，使兴地断裂形成几十米乃至上百米宽的破碎带，从而改造了早期的糜棱岩；至中、新生代，兴地断裂再次活动，形成断裂两侧南升北降的扭动形迹。通过对兴地断裂的深入探讨，笔者认为：该断裂具有线性特征明显，活动时间漫长，构造变形复杂，是塔里木盆地北缘规模巨大的复活大断裂。     

Suffer软件在《构造地质学》教学中的应用

近年来,计算机技术飞速发展,不断地在不同领域得到广泛应用。在分析《构造地质学》这门课程特点的基础上,引入了Suffer软件,介绍了Suffer软件在编制构造图中的应用;分别就平面图的勾绘及三维地质模型展布的应用进行了分析。     

沪蓉西马水河大桥岸坡稳定性评价

马水河大桥是沪蓉国道主干线关键性工程,大桥桥头边坡地质条件复杂,构造发育,边坡整体稳定性对大桥施工和安全运行影响很大,但其整体稳定性非常难以判断。如何在计算中反映马水河大桥岸坡的地质结构、岩体结构特征及岩体结构面网络以及变形破坏模式,是决定岸坡稳定性分析结果客观性的重要因素。基于岸坡地质条件、地质结构和岩体结构面网络模拟的有限差分数值分析方法和数值分析模型,分别模拟了边坡在天然状态下、桥荷载作用下及水位升高50 m情况下的应力状态和变形大小。研究结果表明,在桥荷载作用下,斜坡应力场局部影响较大,深度达50 m,因此建议桩基设计时应加大桩基断面尺寸以改善桩体承载力。     

基于构造解析重建的四川呷村银多金属矿床模型

四川省白玉县呷村银多金属矿床是中国著名的VHMS矿床之一,前人曾进行过详细的矿床模型研究。对于矿床下部脉状矿体大致呈层状平行于上部块状矿体的地质现象,前人曾提出"层状矿席+层控网脉状矿带"等模式。文章通过对呷村矿床地质特征的详细研究后认为,呷村矿床在印支期形成之后,遭受到燕山期弧-陆碰撞造山的强烈改造,导致矿区地层直立并倒转,并在能干性弱的流纹质火山岩中普遍发生层内韧性剪切变形,使原先近于垂直层状矿体和喷气沉积岩的下-中部脉状-网脉状矿体被构造置换为紧闭褶皱状、无根褶皱状、透镜体状,并近于平行于上部层状矿体。构造恢复表明,下-中部脉状-网脉状矿体原始三维形态为不整合的筒状或漏斗状,与上部层状矿体组成典型的"下筒上层"的"双层结构"。根据脉状-网脉状矿体和层状矿体的空间展布特征,在构造恢复的基础上重新建立了呷村VHMS矿床的双通道夹卤水池的矿床模型。该模型对矿区外围找矿有一定的指导意义。