样本数与边坡模糊随机可靠指标关系研究

以模糊随机变量理论为指导,视模糊随机变量的均值为模糊数,基于小样本理论推导了均值模糊数模糊变化范围与样本数的关系式。采用截集敏感性分析法进行了边坡稳定的模糊随机有限元可靠度分析,得到了边坡的模糊随机可靠指标及模糊滑面的位置,研究了样本数与边坡模糊随机可靠指标的关系。分析表明,基于模糊随机变量理论的模糊随机可靠度分析方法是随机可靠度分析方法的自然推广;模糊随机可靠指标与样本数有关,随着样本数的改变,模糊随机可靠指标的中值也会发生微小变化,不是定值;在相同的置信度情况下,模糊随机可靠指标的变化范围随着样本数的增加而减小,可通过增加样本数的方式来减小模糊随机可靠指标的模糊性。     

单轴加载煤体破坏特征与电荷规律研究及应用

为了完善电荷感应方法用于冲击地压的预测预报,利用自主研制的电荷监测系统开展了室内单轴压缩条件下煤样破裂电荷监测试验。重点分析了煤样的破坏类型、力学特性以及不同破坏类型下电荷时-频域信号规律,并对试验结果进行了工程验证。研究结果表明：煤样变形破坏特征可分为单剪型、共轭剪切型和破碎型;单剪型煤样电荷时域信号仅在峰后破坏初期,应力跌落至97% 左右时产生,前兆信息难以捕捉,信号具有孤立性,幅值较高,电荷频率分布离散,主频为250 Hz。此特征电荷信号预示着相应工程煤体可能发生局部化破坏,将集聚的能量瞬间释放,冲击危害程度较大;共轭剪切型煤样电荷时域信号在强化损伤后期,应力达到(85%～100%) 时开始产生,信号具有间隔突发性,主频为150 Hz。预示着煤体可能发生分区化破裂,能量间断释放,冲击危害程度次之;破碎型煤样电荷时域信号在强化损伤初期,应力达到(70%～85%) 时就开始产生,前兆信息易于捕捉,信号具有群发性,幅值较低,主频为0 Hz。预示着煤体可能发生均匀型破碎,能量缓慢释放,冲击危害程度较小。现场监测结果表明,在工作面煤体破碎区和发生煤炮时监测到的电荷信号特征,与试验室煤样发生均匀型破碎和单剪型破裂而产生的电荷信号特征具有高度相似性,验证了试验室结果的可靠性。     

Overcoming Challenges Associated with the Analysis of Nacre by Atom Probe Tomography

In this study atom probe tomography was used to study nacre, an important biocomposite material that is challenging to prepare and analyse by atom probe and, when successful, yields data that is challenging to interpret. It was found that these challenges mainly arise from the insulating and heterogeneous nano‐scale properties of nacre. We outline our current best practice for preparing and running atom probe tips, such as using a low acceleration voltage (< 3 kV) and current (≤ 50 pA) to avoid damage to the microstructure, and using transmission electron microscopy to confirm that the region of interest is located close to the apex of the atom probe tip. Optimisation of the preparation parameters led to several successful atom probe experiments, with one of the data sets containing part of an organic membrane and others showing organic inclusions within the reconstruction.     

Enhancing Geological Understanding and Identifying Gold Anomalies in the Ailaoshan Orogen

The Ailaoshan Orogen in the southeastern Tibet Plateau, situated between the Yangtze and Simao blocks, underwent a complex structural, magmatic, and metamorphic evolution resulting in different tectonic subzones with varying structural lineaments and elemental concentrations. These elements can conceal or reduce anomalies due to the mutual effect between different anomaly areas. Dividing the whole zone into subzones based on tectonic settings, ore cluster areas, or sample catchment basins (Scb), geochemical and structural anomalies associated with gold (Au) mineralization have been identified utilizing mean plus twice standard deviations (Mean + 2STD), factor analysis (FA), concentration-area (C-A) modeling of stream sediment geochemical data, and lineament density in both the Ailaoshan Orogen and the individual subzones. The FA in the divided 98 Scbs with 6 Scbs containing Au deposits can roughly ascertain unknown rock types, identify specific element associations of known rocks and discern the porphyry or skarn-type Au mineralization. Compared with methods of Mean + 2STD and C-A model of data in the whole orogen, which mistake the anomalies as background or act the background as anomalies, the combined methods of FA and C-A in the separate subzones or Scbs works well in regional metallogenic potential analysis. Mapping of lineament densities with a 10-km circle diameter is not suitable to locate Au deposits because of the delineated large areas of medium-high lineament density. In contrast, the use of circle diameters of 1.3 km or 1.7 km in the ore cluster scale delineates areas with a higher concentration of lineament density, consistent with the locations of known Au deposits. By analyzing the map of faults and Au anomalies, two potential prospecting targets, Scbs 1 and 63 with a sandstone as a potential host rock for Au, have been identified in the Ailaoshan Orogen. The use of combined methods in the divided subzones proved to be more effective in improving geological understanding and identifying mineralization anomalies associated with Au, rather than analyzing the entire large area.     

Organohalogen contaminants in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Japan: Present contamination status, body distribution and temporal trends (1978-2003)

Organohalogen contaminants including PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB, PBDEs and HBCDs were determined in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) found stranded at Gogo-shima (n = 6, 2003) and collected from Taiji (n = 15, 1978-1992) in Japan. All target compounds were significantly detected in all the specimens, indicating ubiquitous contamination of oceanic cetaceans in northwest Pacific Ocean. Examination of body distribution of organohalogens in the six specimens from Gogo-shima showed no significant difference in concentrations among the analyzed tissues, except for brain, which had lower levels possibly due to the existence of blood-brain barrier. For evaluating temporal trends, archived blubber samples of adult male stripped dolphins collected in 1978, 1979, 1986 and 1992 were analyzed. Concentrations of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs did not change significantly during 1978-2003. In contrast, remarkable increasing trends of PBDEs and HBCDs were observed, suggesting growing consumption in Japan and surrounding countries in recent years.     

平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定地球化学样品中痕量锡

本文采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地球化学样品中痕量锡。以硝酸钯、硝酸镁和硝酸铵为基体改进剂,研究了最佳的分析测定条件。用该方法测定国家地球化学标准样品的结果与标准值相符。     

基于非均匀Fourier变换的地震数据重建方法研究

不规则采样地震数据会对地震数据的多道处理造成严重影响,将非均匀Fourier变换和贝叶斯参数反演方法相结合,对不规则空间带限地震数据进行反演重建.对每一个频率依据最小视速度确定出重建数据的带宽,然后从不规则地震数据中估计出重建数据的空间Fourier系数.将不规则地震数据重建视为信息重建的地球物理反演问题,运用贝叶斯参数反演理论来估计Fourier系数.在反演求解时,使用共轭梯度算法,以保证求解的稳定性,加快解的收敛速度.理论模型和实际资料处理验证了本方法的有效性和实用性.     

地基沉降修正系数的Bayes概率推断

通过分析常规方法在沉降修正系数的选取中具有的定值性和随意性,引入建立在过去信息和现在样本信息之上的Bayes理论,结合某客运专线红黏土路基工程,提出用后验分布得到修正系数的取值范围。实例研究表明,用以往经验综合样本信息,估计修正系数的先验概率在某一区间上服从均匀分布。由现场载荷试验实测沉降量与理论计算沉降量分析所得的修正系数,将现场量测的沉降变形信息与先验信息结合起来,利用Bayes统计理论,由小样本试验数据推算得到修正系数的后验概率服从正态分布。对后验分布所得参数进行区间估计,得到该区域红黏土地基沉降修正系数的取值优化区间为 [1.0, 1.7],分析了不同荷载作用条件下沉降修正系数的概率分布模型。     

空间抽样的理论方法与应用分析——以厦门岛问卷调查为例

在社会问卷调查中,面临调查样本点如何布局的问题,传统的空间抽样理论主要针对单目标抽样,而社会调查问卷往往涉及到多个调查目标,并且可能是类别数据,例如涉及到被调查对象的年龄、受教育程度等,因此需要在传统的抽样方法上进行适当的改进。本文从多目标空间变异的思想出发,针对社会多目标抽样调查,利用三明治空间抽样模型软件,以厦门岛住区问卷调查的需求为目标,平衡抽样精度和抽样成本,采用简单随机抽样、空间分层抽样和三明治空间抽样方法进行抽样。通过对比分析,结果表明:(1)先验知识不丰富的情况下,简单随机抽样的结果较合理,当有足够先验知识的情况下,进行空间分层抽样能使抽样的样点更具有代表性,提高抽样的精度。(2)空间抽样样点的分布主要与分层相关,分层等级越高,也就是复杂程度越高的区域分布的样点也就越多。(3)通过综合因素分层抽样和专家分层抽样的对比,分层的合理与否,与抽样结果的合理与否有直接的关联,在抽样过程中对分层的把握非常重要。本研究的目的是为厦门岛住区问卷调查选点提供依据,同时,通过复杂程度来描述各个区域的差异,也为建立多目标空间抽样模型提供了思路。     

室内土工试验应注意的问题

根据作者长期从事土工试验的经验,阐述了在室内土工试验时,样品制备、含水率试验烘箱温度选择、水平固结试验和直接剪切试验中应该注意的问题。