Non-Darcian flow in a single confined vertical fracture toward a well

Non-Darcian flow towards a well which fully penetrates a confined single vertical fracture is presented in this paper on the basis of the Izbash equation. We have obtained semi-analytical solutions for non-Darcian flow by using the Boltzmann transform and developed the non-Darcian flow well functions for cases with and without the effect of wellbore storage. The results show that the non-Darcian flow type curves are more or less deviated from the Darcian flow type curve. The non-linear effect is mainly attributable to the turbulent factor, v, a dimensionless parameter related to the pumping rate, the fracture aperture, the fracture thickness, and two constants k′ and n used in the Izbash power-law. The non-linear effect appears to be less sensitive to the power-law index, n. When excluding wellbore storage, the well function at early times is proportional to v^−1/(n−1)u^−n/(n−1), where u is a dimensionless term inversely proportional to time; whereas the well function at late times is approximated as , where A₀(n) is a finite term depending on n. When considering wellbore storage, drawdowns inside the well with different v values approach the same asymptotic value at small times, and the effect of wellbore storage is only found at the early stage of pumping.     

存储检索系统监视信息采集技术分析

主要介绍国家级气象资料存储检索系统的监视分系统中监视信息采集功能的实现,对存储系统监视信息采集需求和方法进行了分析,介绍了包括调用系统命令和Java提取信息等方法,通过实际例子详细阐述了监视系统获取信息和存储信息的方式,并概括说明了目前投入业务运行的监视信息采集功能,最后对采集模块的改进提出建议。     

Stability of banded vegetation patterns under seasonal rainfall and limited soil moisture storage capacity

The delicate equilibrium of soil moisture and biomass may become unstable under water scarcity conditions causing banded vegetation patterns to form on hillsides of semi-arid catchments. Soil related processes that induce instability (namely: soil moisture advection and diffusion), have been evaluated numerically for different rainfall regimes. This study addresses the combined influence of some relevant soil characteristics, and the effect of seasonal precipitation on vegetation patterns, advancing the comprehension of those mechanisms that cause shifts toward banded vegetation patterns or bare states.     

地下水封石洞油库地质灾害危险性评估——以山东某地下水封石洞油库工程为例

根据地下水封石洞油库的工程特点,分析了此类工程建设场地地质灾害类型。列举了工程场地可能存在的现状地质灾害、施工期地质灾害和运营期地质灾害。认为该类工程的地质灾害危险性评估应更关注地下地质灾害,尤其是岩爆灾害。以某地下水封石洞油库实际工程为例,说明岩爆灾害宏观预测评估应针对岩性和地应力两个主要因素。探讨了地质灾害预测评估的可靠性问题,指出预测评估的可靠性基于分析思路的正确和预测指标的合理选取。     

The 10 ka multiple vent pyroclastic eruption sequence at Tongariro Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Part 2. Petrological insights into magma storage and transport during regional extension

The six eruption episodes of the 10 ka Pahoka–Mangamate (PM) sequence (see companion paper) occurred over a ?200–400-year period from a 15-km-long zone of multiple vents within the Tongariro Volcanic Centre (TgVC), located at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ). Most TgVC eruptives are plagioclase-dominant pyroxene andesites and dacites, with strongly porphyritic textures indicating their derivation from magmas that ascended slowly and stagnated at shallow depths. In contrast, the PM pyroclastic eruptives show petrographic features (presence of phenocrystic and groundmass hornblende, and the coexistence of olivine and augite without plagioclase during crystallisation of phenocrysts and microphenocrysts) which suggest that their crystallisation occurred at depth. Depths exceeding 8 km are indicated for the dacitic magmas, and >20 km for the andesitic and basaltic andesitic magmas. Other petrographic features (aphyric nature, lack of reaction rims around hornblende, and the common occurrence of skeletal microphenocrystic to groundmass olivine in the andesites and basaltic andesites) suggest the PM magmas ascended rapidly immediately prior to their eruption, without any significant stagnation at shallow depths in the crust. The PM eruptives show three distinct linear trends in many oxide–oxide diagrams, suggesting geochemical division of the six episodes into three chronologically-sequential groups, early, middle and late. Disequilibrium features on a variety of scales (banded pumice, heterogeneous glassy matrix and presence of reversely zoned phenocrysts) suggest that each group contains the mixing products of two end-member magmas. Both of these end-member magmas are clearly different in each of the three groups, showing that the PM magma system was completely renewed at least three times during the eruption sequence. Minor compositional diversity within the eruptives of each group also allows the PM magmas to be distinguished in terms of their source vents. Because petrography suggests that the PM magmas did not stagnate at shallow levels during their ascent, the minor diversity in magmas from different vents indicates that magmas ascended from depth through separate conduits/dikes to erupt at different vents either simultaneously or sequentially. These unique modes of magma transport and eruption support the inferred simultaneous or sequential tapping of small separate magma bodies by regional rifting in the southern Taupo Volcanic Zone during the PM eruption sequence (see companion paper).     

The role of modelling in geochemical engineering—a (re)view

Modelling is an indispensable tool in geochemical engineering in predicting the outcome of our intended interferences in geochemical systems. Because such systems are highly complex, investigation by means of designed experiment can only apply to subsystems and processes. Models too can only capture a partial, simplified image of the true system. Conceptual models play a vital role. Advantages of the use of models are, a.o., better testing of our understanding of geochemical processes, better formulation of this understanding, and better prediction of the outcome of our conjectures. Examples from hydrogeochemistry are discussed to demonstrate this.     

A Note on Extension Variances in IR2

Matheron (1971) proposed an approximation of the extension variance in IR. We propose in this note an extension of this formula in IR ² , based on a MacLaurin formula. Its application is shown in an example, the estimation of the maximum depressional storage of a soil surface.     

地质资料图文光盘存储检索系统简介

有史以来,地质资料以纸质载体存储,以原始手工操作检索。为改变这一现状,地矿部推广的“地质资料图文光盘存储检索系统”,可实现地质资料管理现代化     

从成岩角度看鄂尔多斯马家沟组碳酸盐岩中的裂缝及其储集意义

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩中裂缝非常发育，本文从成岩角度对它们进行了研究。依据裂缝间切割关系、裂缝与成岩组构间关系、裂缝内充填物类型和地球化学特征，将裂缝分为七期。并通过有机质成熟演化历史与裂缝形成历史的匹配分析，认为燕山运动形成的第Ⅵ期裂缝和喜山运动形成的第Ⅶ期裂缝可成为有效储渗裂缝，分别对盆地中部和第三纪断陷区天然气藏的形成有重要意义     

A new formulation for the stochastic control of systems with bounded state variables: An application to a single reservoir system

A new formulation is presented for the analysis of reservoir systems synthesizing concepts from the traditional stochastic theory of reservoir storage, moments analysis and reliability programming. The analysis is based on the development of the first and second moments for the stochastic storage state variable. These expressions include terms for the failure probabilities (probabilities of spill or deficit) and consider the storage bounds explicitly. Using this analysis, expected values of the storage state, variances of storage, optimal release policies and failure probabilities — useful information in the context of reservoir operations and design, can be obtained from a nonlinear programming solution. The solutions developed from studies of single reservoir operations on both an annual and monthly basis, compare favorably with those obtained from simulation. The presentation herein is directed to both traditional reservoir storage theorists who are interested in the design of a reservoir and modern reservoir analysts who are interested in the long term operation of reservoirs.