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991.
992.
基于遥感和地面数据的景观尺度叶面积指数和生物量的模拟 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper,The procedure was:(1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images;(2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated;(3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch ,stem ,root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated;(4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained.The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcoInfo software ,The method is laso a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale ,A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated ,Aalysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995. 相似文献
993.
994.
土地利用可持续性的度量-一种显示过程的综合方法 总被引:44,自引:3,他引:41
土地利用可持续性的度量指标应该具有时间序列性、空间敏感性、客观性和综合性,能显示趋势性和可预测性,有参照值或阈值,能表达逆转性和可控性,能正确地进行数据转化,能方便地采集和使用数据。迄今所见的指标体系,在方法上皆可归纳为枚举法和综合法。枚举法的困难是:指标体系很难穷尽所有的影响因素,又不能准确判断每一因素的影响程度,也难以有完备的数据序列。综合法避免了枚举法的困难,但目前还没有完整的时间序列,因而只能评价现状而不是过程。本文提出一种针对变化过程进行评价的指标体系,采用系统综合指标,即生产力、稳定性、恢复力、公平性、自立性、协调性,来定量地评价土地利用的可持续性,并应用于山东省莱西市案例研究。 相似文献
995.
沙尘暴过程地面测量与卫星同步观测实验及数据分析——以2002年沙尘暴事件为例 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
2001年中日亚洲沙尘暴项目ADEC在中国的新疆、甘肃、陕西、内蒙、北京、青岛以及韩国和日本布设了雷达气溶胶探测仪、沙尘颗粒收集仪、风速测量仪,结合利用卫星技术,于2002年4~5月对起沙、输送和沉降开展了实时监测和测量,获得地面风速、TSP、PM及地表温度等实测数据。以2002年3(4月沙尘天气为例,空中观测与地面监测密切结合,综合分析卫星遥感数据和地面实测数据,为沙尘暴综合分析与预测提供了基础数据。 相似文献
996.
多孔介质中水合物阻抗探测技术 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
应用阻抗测量技术测试了多孔介质中CO2水合物的形成和分解过程。实验结果表明,阻抗测量可以反映水合物的形成特征。水合物在形成过程中的成核具有一定的随机性,说明相同温压条件下CO2水合物的成核机会均等。分解过程的热量吸收,可能形成体系内外的温度梯度。阻抗测量技术可以应用于水合物形成过程中的热过程和热力学研究。 相似文献
997.
998.
A comparison between the single ring pressure infiltrometer and simplified falling head techniques
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Testing the relative performances of the single ring pressure infiltrometer (PI) and simplified falling head (SFH) techniques to determine the field saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Kfs, at the near point scale may help to better establish the usability of these techniques for interpreting and simulating hydrological processes. A sampling of 10 Sicilian sites showed that the measured Kfs was generally higher with the SFH technique than the PI one, with statistically significant differences by a factor varying from 3 to 192, depending on the site. A short experiment with the SFH technique yielded higher Kfs values because a longer experiment with the PI probably promoted short‐term swelling phenomena reducing macroporosity. Moreover, the PI device likely altered the infiltration surface at the beginning of the run, particularly in the less stable soils, where soil particle arrangement may be expected to vary upon wetting. This interpretation was supported by a soil structure stability index, SSI, and also by the hydraulic conductivity data obtained with the tension infiltrometer, i.e. with a practically negligible disturbance of the sampled soil surface. In particular, a statistically significant, increasing relationship with SSI and an unsaturated conductivity greater than the saturated one were only detected for the Kfs data obtained with the PI. The SFH and PI techniques should be expected to yield more similar results in relatively rigid porous media (low percentages of fine particles and structurally stable soils) than in soils that modify appreciably their particle arrangement upon wetting. The simultaneous use of the two techniques may allow to improve Kfs determination in soils that change their hydrodynamic behaviour during a runoff producing rainfall event. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
999.
Testing the use of an image‐based technique to measure gully erosion at Sparacia experimental area
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Costanza Di Stefano Vito Ferro Vincenzo Palmeri Vincenzo Pampalone Fabrizio Agnello 《水文研究》2017,31(3):573-585
The first part of this investigation was aimed at testing the use of a three‐dimensional (3D) digital terrain model and a quasi‐tridimensional (2.5D) digital elevation model obtained by a large series of oblique images of eroded channels taken from consumer un‐calibrated and non‐metric cameras. For two closed earth channels having a different sinuosity, the ground measurement of some cross sections by a profilometer (P) was carried out and their real volume was also measured. The comparison among the three methods (3D, 2.5D, and P) pointed out that a limited underestimation of the total volume always occurs and that the 3D method is characterized by the minimum difference between measured and real volume. For this reason, 3D model can be used as benchmark. In the subsequent part of the investigation, the three ground measurement methods were applied for surveying of an ephemeral gully (EG) channel at the Sparacia area. The morphological and hydraulic variable values of the 24 surveyed cross sections determined by both 2.5D model and profilometer were compared. This comparison showed that the estimate error is generally less than ±10%. The EG measurements carried out by the three methods supported the applicability both of the empirical relationship between EG length and its eroded volume and the theoretical dimensionless relationship among the morphological variables describing the channelized erosion process. Finally, it was demonstrated that the effect of the distance interval on the EG volume measurement by 3D and 2.5D models is negligible for the investigated EG. 相似文献
1000.
Measuring and modeling vertical gradients in suspended sediments in the Solimões/Amazon River
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E. Armijos A. Crave R. Espinoza P. Fraizy A.L.M.R. Dos Santos F. Sampaio E. De Oliveira W. Santini J.M. Martinez P. Autin N. Pantoja M. Oliveira N. Filizola 《水文研究》2017,31(3):654-667
Accurately measuring sediment flux in large rivers remains a challenge due to the spatial and temporal cross‐sectional variability of suspended sediment concentrations in conjunction with sampling procedures that fail to accurately quantify these differences. This study presents a field campaign methodology that can be used to improve the measurement of suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon River or similarly large rivers. The turbidity signal and Rouse model are together used in this study to define the spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentrations in a river cross‐section, taking into account the different size fractions of the sediment. With this methodology, suspended sediment fluxes corresponding to each sediment class are defined with less uncertainty than with manual samples. This paper presents an application of this methodology during a field campaign at different gauging stations along a 3,000‐km stretch of the Solimões/Amazon River during low water and flood periods. Vertical concentration profiles and Rouse model applications for distinctive sediment sizes are explored to determine concentration gradients throughout a cross‐section of the river. The results show that coupling both turbidity technology and the Rouse model may improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of different sediments fractions sizes in the Solimões/Amazon River. These data are very useful in defining a pertinent monitoring strategy for suspended sediment concentrations in the challenging context of large rivers. 相似文献