Inference of herder presence from GPS collar data of semi-free range cattle

Although global positioning system (GPS) location data have been used to derive animal movement parameters including step length, rarely have these parameters been used to predict animal responses to human interventions. In this study, we tested whether GPS-derived step length of semi-free range cattle is a function of herder presence. The derived step-length model was used to predict herder presence on independent cattle GPS collar data. We also tested whether cattle foraging behaviour is explained by herder activity and vegetation greenness. We used logistic regression to model herder presence as a function of step length and relate cattle behaviour with herder activity and vegetation greenness. The field-based step length model successfully predicted herder presence on GPS collar data. The average predicted frequency of herder presence for the GPS-collared herds was 31%, whilst the field-based GPS frequency was 27%. Herding activities and vegetation greenness also explained different cattle foraging behaviour.     

关于数值求解卫星运动微分方程中的一个问题

本文阐明地球非球形引力位中的高阶次球谐项（ 即“短”波项） 对求解卫星运动微分方程的两类数值方法（ 单步法和多步法） 选择积分步长的不同影响,并以实际算例证实这一点。     

苍山5.2级地震前的R（t）图异常特征及其时间变化

研究了１９９５年苍山５．２级地震前地震时空分布参数Ｒ（ｔ）图的异常变化,由Ｒ（ｔ）图清楚的反映出苍山５．２级地震前地震活动的三个阶段性发展特征。即早期地震活动增强,形成大的孕震空区;中期在上述背景上震活动再次向外围扩散并收缩,地震活动逐渐减弱,孕震空区缩小;晚期地震活动出现短平静;临震前１８天孕震空区内出现３个特征前震,在孕震空区内形成临震地震线。     

高阶单步时滞修正算法主动控制实验研究

本文将高阶单步时滞修４正算法用于主动控制结构模型的试验,试验分析结果一同阶单步主动控制算法是一种有效实用的主动控制方法。     

可变网格与局部时间步长的高阶差分地震波数值模拟

提高计算精度与效率是所有地震波正演方法所追求的目标.本文通过将变化的空间网格与变化的时间步长技术相结合,提出一种空间网格大小与时间步长均可任意变化的高阶有限差分模拟方法.一系列数值试验表明,该方法在保证模拟精度的同时,显著提高了模拟的效率.这种可变空间网格与局部时间步长的模拟方法,能够精细刻画含孔缝洞介质以及横向变化剧烈介质的微小结构,减小地震波模拟误差,提高介质细微结构情况下的地震波传播模拟精度与效率.     

Dissolution Kinetics of Calcite in 0.1 M NaCl Solution at Room Temperature: An Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) Study

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the rates of migration of the (10¯1 4) plane of a single-crystal of calcite dissolving in 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solutions at room temperature. The solution pH and P_{CO 2} controlled in the ranges 4.4 < pH < 12.2 and 0 < P_{CO 2} < 10^-3.5 atm (ambient), respectively. Measured step velocities were compared with the mineral dissolution rates determined from the calcium fluxes. The step velocity is defined as the average of the velocities of the obtuse and acute steps. Rates of step motion increased gradually from 1.4(±0.2) at pH 5.3 to 2.4(±0.3) nm s^-1 at pH 8.2, whereas the rates inverted and decreased to the minimum value of 0.69(±0.18) nm s^-1 at pH 10.8. For pH > 10.8, only the velocity of the obtuse steps increased as pH increased, whereas that of acute steps gradually decreased.The dissolution rate of the mineral can be calculated from the measured step velocities and average slope, which is proportional to the concentration of exposed monomolecular steps on the surface. The average slope of the dissolving mineral, measured at pH 5.6 and 9.7, was 0.026 (±0.015). Using this slope, we calculate bulk dissolution rates for 5.3 < pH < 12.2 of 4.9(±3.0) × 10^-11 to 1.8(±1.0) × 10^-10 mol cm^-2 s^-1. The obtained dissolution rate can be expressed by the following empirical equation:R_dss = 10^{-4.66(±0.13)}[H⁺] + 10^{-3.87(±0.06)}[HCO₃ ^-] + 10^{-7.99(plusmn; 0.08)}[OH^-]We propose that calcite dissolution in these solutions is controlled by elementary reactions that are similar to those that control the dissolution of other amphoteric solids, such as oxides. The mechanisms include the proton-enhanced hydration and detachment of calcium-carbonate ion pairs. The detachments are enhanced by the presence of adsorbed nucleophiles, such as hydroxyl and bicarbonate ions, and by protons adsorbed to key oxygens. A molecular model is proposed that illustrates these processes.     

In-situ assessment of the spatial arrangement of step–pool units on eroded rills

Rills are generated on homogeneous hillslopes by the action of different discharges and evolve morphologically over short timescales due to a strong interaction between the flow and bed morphology. Such an interaction generates a reconfiguration of the bed geometry. Previous works suggest that bed geometry is often characterized by alternation between pools and flat reaches (steps). Each step–pool unit may contribute to hydraulic resistance and affects flow behaviour. The objectives of this work are (i) to assess different (innovative) techniques for the in-situ assessment of rill bed geometry, (ii) to use these techniques to assess the geometry of eroded rills in situ in order to determine the spatial arrangement in the bed macro-scale roughness and (iii) finally to analyse the role of slope and discharge as driving factors associated with the development of these macroforms. Roughly rectilinear, long rills were formed in the field as a result of combining different slope and discharges. Photogrammetry provided detailed digital elevation models (DEMs) before and after the experiments. The rills were morphologically characterized from the DEMs. In each rill, the presence of step–pools was identified from long profiles according mainly to morphological criteria published elsewhere, but with ad hoc critical threshold values more appropriate for small eroded channels. The minimum slope required for the development of step–pool units seems to be somewhere between 5 and 15%. Discharge seems to affect pool size or roughness amplitude. There does not seem to be a clear step–pool periodicity. However, external factors could have affected the normal growth and alternation of these structures. Identification of steps and pools from longitudinal elevation profiles can be objectively accomplished using a series of geometric rules originally proposed for rivers and large channels, and adapted to rills. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

阶区对走滑型地震地表破裂带传播与终止行为的影响

系统收集了国内外28个走滑地震破裂带上阶区与地震破裂行迹的资料,利用数理统计的方法分析了阶区的类型、尺度与地震破裂的关系。结果表明,不同震级档的走滑地震阶区限制破裂传播的止裂尺度是不同的,震级MS为6.5~6.9,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为3km;震级MS为7.0~7.5,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为4km;震级MS为7.5~8.0,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为6km;震级MS为8.0~8.5,阶区的最小止裂宽度约为8km;且拉分阶区比挤压阶区更容易被破裂所贯通。上述给出的阶区的最小止裂宽度可作为判定地震破裂止裂尺度的重要标志,是进行破裂分段的前提和基础,对地震危险性分析具有重大的实用价值。     

Operational flood control of a low-lying delta system using large time step Model Predictive Control

The safety of low-lying deltas is threatened not only by riverine flooding but by storm-induced coastal flooding as well. For the purpose of flood control, these deltas are mostly protected in a man-made environment, where dikes, dams and other adjustable infrastructures, such as gates, barriers and pumps are widely constructed. Instead of always reinforcing and heightening these structures, it is worth considering making the most of the existing infrastructure to reduce the damage and manage the delta in an operational and overall way. In this study, an advanced real-time control approach, Model Predictive Control, is proposed to operate these structures in the Dutch delta system (the Rhine–Meuse delta). The application covers non-linearity in the dynamic behavior of the water system and the structures. To deal with the non-linearity, a linearization scheme is applied which directly uses the gate height instead of the structure flow as the control variable. Given the fact that MPC needs to compute control actions in real-time, we address issues regarding computational time. A new large time step scheme is proposed in order to save computation time, in which different control variables can have different control time steps. Simulation experiments demonstrate that Model Predictive Control with the large time step setting is able to control a delta system better and much more efficiently than the conventional operational schemes.     

The reffection of regular and irregular waves by a partially perforated caisson breakwater on a step bed

This study examines the reffection of regular and irregular waves from a partially perforated caisson breakwater located on a step bed. The step bed is treated as an idealized rubble mound foundation. Based on the linear potential theory, an analytical solution is developed to calculate the reffection coefficient of the structure subjected to regular waves. The matched eigenfunction expansion method is used for the solution. The regular wave method is also extended to irregular waves using a linear transfer...