江苏岸外辐射沙脊群东沙稳定性研究

东沙是江苏岸外辐射沙脊群中的第二大沙洲,具有独特的地形地貌和水动力条件,对它进行稳定性研究为揭示整个辐射沙洲及其邻近岸滩的动态演变都非常有益。通过利用多年遥感卫片资料、1998年取得的现场水文泥沙观测资料和东沙滩面表层沉积物资料等,对东沙的地形地貌特征、沉积特征和东沙两侧潮汐通道的水流泥沙特征等进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,东沙的沙脊偏于西侧,西侧滩面较窄、高程较高且岸线较为顺直,东侧滩面较宽、高程较低且岸线较为破碎;西洋和陈家坞槽均处于冲刷状态,净输沙的主要方向为输向槽外或输向条子泥;东沙近三十年来面积有所缩小且有外围向中央收缩的趋势,尤其以向东、向南方向的迁移最为明显。     

Data assimilation for a coastal area morphodynamic model: Morecambe Bay

This paper investigates the use of data assimilation in coastal area morphodynamic modelling using Morecambe Bay as a study site. A simple model of the bay has been enhanced with a data assimilation scheme to better predict large-scale changes in bathymetry observed in the bay over a 3-year period. The 2DH decoupled morphodynamic model developed for the work is described, as is the optimal interpolation scheme used to assimilate waterline observations into the model run. Each waterline was acquired from a SAR satellite image and is essentially a contour of the bathymetry at some level within the inter-tidal zone of the bay. For model parameters calibrated against validation observations, model performance is good, even without data assimilation. However the use of data assimilation successfully compensates for a particular failing of the model, and helps to keep the model bathymetry on track. It also improves the ability of the model to predict future bathymetry. Although the benefits of data assimilation are demonstrated using waterline observations, any observations of morphology could potentially be used. These results suggest that data assimilation should be considered for use in future coastal area morphodynamic models.     

Heat flow pattern, base of methane hydrates stability zones and BSRs in Shenhu Area, northern South China Sea

Using the collected 433 heat flow values, we estimated the bases of methane hydrate stability zone (BHSZ), in northern South China Sea (NSCS). Through comparing BHSZs with the depths of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs), in Shenhu Area (SA), we found that there are big differences between them. In the north of SA, where the water depth is shallow, many slumps developed and the sedimentation rate is high, it appears great negative difference (as large as -192%). However, to the southeast of SA, where the water depth is deeper, sedimentation rate is relatively low and uplift basement topography exists, it changes to positive difference (as large as +45%). The differences change so great, which haven’t been observed in other places of the world. After considering the errors from the process of heat flow measurement, the BSR depth, the relationship of thermal conductivity with the sediments depth, and the fluid flow activities, we conclude that the difference should be not caused by these errors. Such big disagreement may be due to the misunderstanding of BSR. The deviant “BSRs” could represent the paleo-BSRs or just gas-bearing sediment layers, such as unconformities or the specific strata where have different permeability, which are not hydraterelated BSRs.     

浙江宁波穿山水道的海底稳定性评价

在测深、钻探、室内测试、水文泥沙测验等勘测资料基础上,详细分析宁波穿山水道海域水文气象、工程地质、地震活动性、浅层气、滑坡、沙土液化、岸坡和冲刷槽冲淤动态等因素,这些分析结果表明穿山水道海底稳定,海岸和海洋工程环境适宜.     

舟山近岸海域表层沉积物中5种重金属元素的污染及潜在生态风险评价

利用2006年8月采集于舟山本岛南部近岸海域的表层沉积物监测数据,采用Hakanson生态风险指数法,分析了Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cu等5种重金属元素含量,并进行了潜在生态风险评价,结果表明:舟山近岸海域表层沉积物中Hg、As、Pb和Cd元素的含量均符合国家海洋沉积物质量一类标准;各重金属元素均为低污染水平,潜在生态...     

贡湖水质富营养化综合评价及初步预测

对１９９６年７月贡湖三次调查资料进行的水质和富营养化现状综合评价显示：贡湖水质以Ⅲ－Ⅳ类为主，局部已出发Ｖ类，凯氏氮，非离子氨和总磷为主要污染物；营养型以中营养和中富营养类型分布面积较广。     

Channelled erosion through a marine dump site of dredge spoils at the mouth of the Puyallup River, Washington State, USA

Channels are relatively common on river-mouth deltas, but the process by which they arise from river sediment discharge is unclear because they can potentially be explained either by negatively buoyant (hyperpycnal) flows produced directly from the river outflow or by flows generated by repeated failure and mobilisation of sediment rapidly deposited at the delta front. Channels eroded through a dump site of dredge spoils are described here from multibeam and older sonar data collected in Commencement Bay, at the mouth of the Puyallup River. Shallow channels on the seaward upper surface of the dump site, away from any flows that could have been produced by delta front failures, suggest that at least some hyperpycnal flows were produced directly from the positively buoyant river outflow up to 200 m from the edge of the river mouth platform. The form of channel bed erosion is revealed by the longitudinal shape of the main eroded channel compared with the adjacent dump site profile. It suggests that the channel evolved by its steep front retreating, rather than by simple vertical entrenchment or diffusive-like evolution of the profile, a geometry interpreted as evidence that repeated failure of the bed occurred in response to shear stress imposed by bottom-travelling flows. Model calculations based on shear strengths back-calculated from the geometry of channel wall failures suggest that, if the main channel were eroded solely by hyperpycnal flows, their generation was remarkably efficient in order to create flows vigorous enough to cause channel bed failure. Besides the sediment concentration and discharge characteristics that have been considered to dictate the ability of rivers to produce hyperpycnal flows, it is suggested that the timing of floods with respect to the tidal cycle should also be important because extreme low tides may be needed to ensure that coarse sediment is transferred vigorously to the edge of river mouth platforms.     

Baroclinic Buoyancy-Inertia Joint Stability Parameter

At present, the barotropic buoyant stability parameter has been derived from a vertical virtual displacement of a water parcel. The barotropic inertial stability parameter in the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic, basic current field was derived in 2003 from a horizontal cross-stream virtual displacement of a parcel. By expressing acceleration of a parcel due to a virtual displacement, which is arbitrarily sloping within a vertical section across the basic current, in terms of natural coordinates, we derived the vertical component of baroclinic buoyant stability parameter B ₂ ², the horizontal component of baroclinic inertial stability parameter I ₂ ², the baroclinic joint stability parameter J ², its buoyant component B ² and its inertial component I ². B ² is far greater than I ₂ ², and when neglecting relative vorticity except for vertical shear, a downward convex curve of J ² plotted against the slope of a virtual displacement follows a trend of B ² curve. If a parcel displaces along a horizontal surface or an isopycnal surface, however, B ² vanishes, and J ² becomes equal to I ². Actual parcel is apt to displace not only along the bottom slope, but also along the sea surface and an isopycnal interfacial surface, which is approximately equivalent to an isentropic surface, preferred by lateral mixing and exchange of momentum. Such actual displacement makes B ² vanishing, and grants I ² an important role. The present analysis of I ² examining effects due to curvature and horizontal and vertical shear vorticities are useful in deepening our understanding of baroclinic instability in actual oceanic streams.     

滨海湿地生态经济的综合评价模型

通过对生态环境指标与社会经济指标两方面的分析,建立了滨海湿地生态经济的综合评价模型,定量计算了滨海湿地开发前总效益(V)、开发后总效益(V′)以及开发利用的限制因子(H)和评价因子(I),并以浙江省上虞市世纪丘围垦工程为例,对模型进行了验证计算,结果表明:(1)开发前后的大气调节、水文调节、污染物净化、提供生物栖息地等生态环境效益指标(Vee)和旅游休闲、科研教育、提供各种产品等经济效益指标(Vse)影响着对滨海湿地开发前后总效益以及开发可行性的判断;(2)当滨海湿地的开发评价因子I>1时〔I=V′/V=(Vee+′Vse)′/(Vee+Vse)〕,海涂开发后的总效益大于开发前的总效益,海涂开发具有可行性,否则为不宜开发;(3)当滨海湿地开发利用的限制因子H小于0.20时,应限制滨海湿地的开发、利用;(4)上虞市世纪丘海涂湿地的H为0.78,I为2.1,可见该海涂开发后,生态环境效益有所降低,但社会经济效益却大幅度地提高了,说明该海涂的开发是具有可行性的。     

沿海砼结构耐久性问题研究现状与对策

混凝土耐久性能不良引起的适用性、安全性问题以及由此引发的环境、能源、经济问题在全球范围内已引起广泛的关注.而沿海城市经济的飞速发展和大规模的开发海洋资源使得混凝土结构面临严峻的海洋环境的挑战.因此,了解沿海混凝土结构耐久性问题的研究现状与对策具有十分重要的现实意义.综合分析了沿海砼结构性能退化的原因及解决办法并在此基础上指出进一步研究的可能方向.