洪泛平原农村居民地空间分布特征定量研究及应用探讨

通过对影响居民地空间分布因素的分析,探讨了洪泛平原农村居民地空间分布特征;利用地理信息系统技术对不同高程带内居民地分布规模、等级和空间分布密度作了定量研究,得到了居民地空间分布密度和人口空间分布密度参数;并结合洪灾淹没区居民地损失的估算,对研究结果的应用作了探讨。     

古尔班通古特沙漠腹地土壤水分动态

采用土钻法对古尔班通古特沙漠腹地典型自然沙垄剖面土壤含水量进行长期监测.采取多重比较(LSD)、典型相关分析(MANOVA)、并在国内第一次采用季节交乘趋势等统计方法,对土壤水分与环境因子的关系进行分析,研究结果表明:土壤含水量时间变化规律分为补给期、失水期和冻结滞水期.土壤含水量均值为补给期>冻结滞水期>失水期,变异系数为补给期>冻结滞水期>失水期;土壤含水量空间变化规律表现为:阴阳坡间具有极显著差异(P<0.01,F=0.002 9).垄间分别与坡中、垄顶具有显著性差异(P<0.05).垂直变化分为活跃层、过渡层和稳定层,活跃层与其他土层间均有显著性差异(P<0.05),土壤含水量均值为阴坡>阳坡,垄顶>垄间>坡中.活跃层>过渡层和稳定层;变异系数为阴坡>阳坡,垄间>坡中>垄顶,活跃层>过渡层>稳定层;降雨量和温度是影响研究区土壤水分时间分布变化的重要影响因子,同时也是土壤含水量变化的决定性影响因子,与土壤含水量具有显著相关性(P<0.05,F=0.02).     

Monitoring qualitative spatiotemporal change for geosensor networks

Recent technological advances in geosensor networks demand new models of distributed computation with dynamic spatial information. This paper presents a computational model of spatial change in dynamic regions (such as may be derived from discretizations of continuous fields) founded on embeddings of graphs in orientable surfaces. Continuous change, connectedness and regularity of dynamic regions are defined and local transition rules are used to constrain region evolution and enable more efficient inference of a region's state. The model provides a framework for the detection of global high‐level events based on local low‐level ‘snapshot’ spatiotemporal data. The approach has particular relevance to environmental monitoring with geosensor networks, where technological constraints make the detection of global behaviour from local conditions highly advantageous.     

基于幂函数法则对放牧梯度上种群空间异质性的定量分析

 在呼伦贝尔草原的克氏针茅群落选择轻牧、中牧、重牧3个不同的放牧梯度,沿着50 m样线设置100个50 cm×50 cm的L型样方,每个L型样方内划分4个25 cm×25 cm的S型样方,以物种出现的频度（p）作为植被空间分布的观测指标,采用幂函数法则对放牧梯度上草原植物群落物种的空间异质性进行了定量研究。结果表明,在不同放牧强度下,种类结构发生明显改变,轻度放牧区羊草和星状刺骨藜、中度放牧区藜和糙隐子草、重度放牧区猪毛菜和多根葱具有高的出现频度,群落物种数随着放牧压力的增大而减小。整体来看,放牧梯度上物种的空间分布呈现明显的聚集分布,物种空间异质性（δi）随着放牧强度的增大而增加,拟合于幂函数规律曲线;群落的空间异质性（δc）随着轻牧-中牧-重牧放牧演替的进展呈现降低趋势,种群个体分布呈现片断化特征。在群落内部各个种群具有不同的异质化分布特点,物种结构主要表现出密集型种群和疏散型种群两大类型。这些趋势与种群的繁殖策略、生活史对策、群落的再生产策略等生理与生态特性密切相关。     

Analysis of types and changes of village-level economy in rural Gongyi city,Henan Province since 1990

Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we define six types of village-level economy, i.e. ＂to be extremely poor＂, ＂to make a basic living＂, ＂to dress warmly and eat one＇s fill＂, ＂to try to enrich （to disengage poverty）＂, ＂to be well-off＂ and ＂to be affluent＂. The data of average annual net income of all the 292 villages between 1990 and 2004 in rural Gongyi City, Henan Province were collected, verified and classified. By using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and regression analysis, it is found that the Gongyi＇s rural economy has boosted up remarkably from the relative-poverty and absolute-poverty stages in 1990 to the well-off in 2004. However, the absolute differences between villages present a trend of enlargement, while the relative differences fluctuating. On the other hand, spatial analysis of village-level economy shows that most villages with relatively high economic development level were located along national expressway and most villages with absolute-poverty lay in remote mountainous areas in 1990. Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization and industrialization have had strongly positive effects on rural economic growth. Initial economic foundation, natural resources and traditional techniques also contribute to village economy. From the perspective of geography, villages with location advantages, such as near urban center or industrial parks, have more chances for their economic development and the ＂core-periphery＂ economic structure has been presented in the process of rural development.     

城市生产性服务业空间分布研究：以南京为例

20世纪90年代以来,随着信息技术的发展和应用,城市与区域空间结构也逐渐发生了相应的变化,这已成为西方学术界研究的重点问题。作为长江三角洲三大中心城市之一,南京城市空间发展也日益受到了信息化、全球化的影响,并表现出了新的结构特征。本研究从全球、国家及区域背景出发,分析南京城市生产性服务业的空间变化,及其所带来的空间结构的转型。这包括城市商务中心功能的强化与边缘商务空间的培育、信息产业密集区出现、学习型区域的空间重构几个方面。     

基于STSM的入境旅游流集散地域结构特征分析——以中国入境旅游六大典型区域为例

构建入境旅游流空间转移态矩阵模型,基于入境旅游统计数据与抽样调查数据,在合理划定中国入境旅游典型区域的基础上,实证研究六大典型区域的入境旅游流空间转移态矩阵,探讨入境旅游流集散的地域结构特征。研究表明:入境旅游流在中国东部表现为"等级式"集散模式,在中国西部表现为"等级式"与"接触式"并存的集散模式;入境旅游流集散的地域空间集中性十分突出,且集聚源区域与扩散目的地区域呈现高度重合性,尤其六大典型区域之间的互动关联极其显著;中国入境旅游流集散地域空间的梯级差异化特征鲜明,整体呈现"东—西递进式"的发展格局。     

毛乌素沙漠边缘地区春末夏初沙尘暴天气的物理量场结构

沙尘暴天气是毛乌素沙漠边缘内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等地区春末夏初特有的一种灾害性天气。应用欧洲中心再分析资料的气压场和各种物理量场,选取了5个沙尘暴个例,分析了沙尘暴时期各层气压场的特征和物理量的空间结构。结果表明：蒙古高压是影响沙尘暴的主要天气系统。在沙尘暴发生时,蒙古高压前部整层都为宽广而强劲的西北气流,从地面可伸展到200 hPa附近,其物理属性是干、冷,其前部近乎于东北—西南向的区域,是锋区的密集带,也是各种物理量表现最为敏感的区域,垂直速度场为上升运动区,涡度场为正涡度区,高—低层散度差值场为正值,这些物理量都为沙尘暴的发生起到了推动和加强作用。     

Analysis of Spatial Mismatch of Tourism Development in Guangdong Province

The spatial mismatch situation of tourism development in Guangdong Province is analyzed by gravity model and two-dimensional matrix based on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, and the results are visualized using ArcGIS software. This study finds that varying degrees of spatial mismatch exist between the level of tourism development, abundance of tourism resources and accessibility of tourism locations in the 21 cities in Guangdong Province. The gravity centers for tourism economy, tourism resources and tourism location are (113.55° E, 23.00° N), (113.69° E, 23.21° N) and (113.74° E, 22.86° N), respectively. According to the two-dimensional combinatorial matrices, synchronous development is shown in 10 prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-resource abundance combination, whereas it is shown in seven prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-tourism location combination. Guangzhou and Shenzhen are synchronous-double high zones for both combinations, while Foshan, Qingyuan, Yangjiang, Zhongshan and Jieyang are deviating-negative mismatch zones for both combinations. Furthermore, the vast majority of prefecture-level cities within the province currently present mismatching trends in tourism development. Based on the analysis results, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward taking into account the actual situation and opportunities for further tourism development in various prefecture-level cities.