基于等效声速剖面法的多波束测深系统声线折射改正技术

多波束测深技术是近几年比较流行的海洋勘测手段之一,其具有全覆盖、无遗漏、高精度和高效率等特点。多波束测深系统的声学原理和海水的不均匀性,使得声波在传播过程中发生声线的折射现象,对波束测点的最终位置的归算带来较大的误差。针对多波束数据后处理方法,介绍了利用等效声速剖面法对多波束测深系统的声线折射进行改正的一种新方法,并通过试验对比,证明了该方法可以提高多波束测深系统的整体测量精度。     

Deep CTD Casts in the Challenger Deep,Mariana Trench

On 1 December 1992, CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth profiler) casts were made at three stations in a north-south section of the Challenger Deep to examine temperature and salinity profiles. The station in the Challenger Deep was located at 11°22.78′ N and 142°34.95′ E, and the CTD cast was made down to 11197 db or 10877 m, 7 m above the bottom by reeling out titanium cable of 10980 m length. The southern station was located at 11° 14.19′ N and 142°34.79′ E, 16.1 km from the central station, where water depth is 9012 m. CTD was lowered to 7014 db or 6872 m. The northern station was located at 11°31.47′ N and 142° 35.30′ E, 15.9 km from the central station, and CTD was lowered to 8536 db or 8336 m, 10 m above the bottom. Below the thermocline, potential temperature decreased monotonously down to 7300–7500 db beyond a sill depth between 5500 m and 6000 m, or between 5597 db and 6112 db, of the trench. Potential temperature increased from 7500 db to the bottom at a constant rate of 0.9 m°C/1000 db. Salinity increased down to 6020–6320 db, and then stayed almost constant down to around 9000 db. From 9500 db to the bottom, salinity increased up to 34.703 psu at 11197 db. Potential density referred to 8000 db increased monotonously down to about 6200 db, and it was almost constant from 6500 db to 9500 db. Potential density increased from 9500 db in accordance with the salinity increase. Geostrophic flows were calculated from the CTD data at three stations. Below an adopted reference level of 3000 db, the flow was westward in the north of Challenger Deep and eastward in the south, which suggests a cyclonic circulation over the Challenger Deep. Sound speed in Challenger Deep was estimated from the CTD data, and a relation among readout depth of the sonic depth recorder, true depth, and pressure was examined.     

Correction for effects of temperature and pressure on sound speed in shallow seafloor sediments

Abstract

Three types of sediments were selected to measure their sound speed under changing temperature and pressure conditions in laboratory. The effects of temperature and pressure on sound speed in sediments and their trends were analyzed. The results showed that, with increasing temperature and pressure, the sound speed exhibits an increasing trend in all selected sediments. For each sample, the ratio of the sound speed in sediments to that in seawater almost remained unchanged at different pressures and temperatures, with a maximum fluctuation of 1.09% for temperature dependence and 0.68% pressure dependence. Combining the analysis of experimental results and sound speed correction procedure given by Hamilton, specific correction formulas of sound speed for temperature and pressure were presented. The laboratory-measured sound speed in the experiment and the sound speed obtained in the South Yellow Sea were corrected to reduce the effects of temperature and pressure using the correction formulas. The results show that the correction formulas with constant sound speed ratio are effective for correcting the sound speed measurement errors caused by changes in temperature and pressure. As a further consideration, the effects of the fluctuation of sound speed ratio on sound speed correction were analyzed.     

太平洋不同海水层结条件下的内波波致声场起伏研究

基于Argo资料对太平洋海域海水层结进行分类区划,利用内波动力学方法对内波致声起伏进行数值求解,对不同层结状况下的内波致声起伏进行模拟试验。结果表明:垂直方向海水层结的不均匀和跃层的存在,使海洋内波斜压模态受到了歪曲变形。层结峰的个数和深度与声速起伏存在很好的对应关系。有内波的声传播特征总体上与没有内波时的相似。不同层结情况下,声场对内波扰动的响应不一致。     

基于 Biot-Stoll 模型声速反演中的参数选择——以南海南部沉积物为例

研究海底表层沉积物性质对海洋矿产资源探测、海洋工程建设等有重要的意义。Biot-Stoll模型可以模拟预测海底沉积物的物理性质,但采用不同的参数模拟的效果不同。Stoll参数是各种海洋环境下模型达到最佳预测的单一数值的形式;Schock参数则是对渗透率、孔隙大小、沉积物孔隙曲折度等修改后的函数表达式形式,更接近沉积物实际情况。采用Stoll参数和Schock参数分别计算了南海南部海区海底沉积物纵波速度,并对南海南部沉积物样品进行了计算和实测对比,结果表明,采用Stoll参数计算误差较大,平均为3.962%;采用Schock参数计算误差较小,平均为0.847%。因此,在南海南部海区采用Schock参数预测海底表层沉积物物理性质更准确。     

南海北部大陆架海底沉积物物理性质研究

用物理(声学的、工程地质的、扫描电子显微镜)等技术方法,综合分析了沉积物结构特征和工程力学性质,研究了颗粒接触、堆垒、孔隙等现象与物理性质之间的关系,得出了沉积物声学物理参数和应力一应变性质之间的关系。结果表明,南海北部大陆架海底沉积物有6种结构类型,其中混合接触结构类型的沉积物具有较高的抗压强度和声速,浅层海底存在着高、低声速分层的中尺度结构。     

Visual Encoding of Acoustic Parameters – Framework and Application to Noise Mapping

Abstract

Along with an increasing importance and awareness of sonic phenomena related to the human environment, there is a growing need for a comprehensive communication of sound information. The central goal of this contribution is the development of a systematic and comprehensive framework that considers the particular properties of sound phenomena. This framework is structured according to the acoustic quantities that shall be represented and consists of recommendations for their cartographical encoding. A proof of concept is given through the application to official strategic noise maps in the course of the Environmental Noise Directive. Those maps suffer from several weaknesses from a cartographical point of view (e.g. concerning colour schemes or band-like illustrations) which can be eliminated by applying some of the mentioned recommendations. Finally, it will be possible to derive valuable knowledge from our results for multimodal encoding and value transformation between senses.     

陕西华县毕家乡井群宏观异常的化学成因

2005年3~10月,陕西省关中东部华县毕家乡东林场农业灌溉用井群体出现强烈的翻花、冒泡、响声现象,个别井水色浑浊。其历时之长,范围之广,在陕西省内近30年来少见。我们从中国地震局监测预报司编著的《地震前兆异常落实工作指南》的主导思想出发,对华县井水宏观异常现象进行了较为深入的现场取样调查、测量与分析,从化学成因的角度对这一宏观异常现象进行分析解释,所得结果得到了跨断层水准测量结果的佐证。认为该次井水的宏观气体异常作为当地地震短临前兆的依据不充分。最后给出了分析处理井水宏观气体异常现象的一些建议。     

Recent Advance and Prospects in the Structure and Thermal Elastic Properties of Lower Mantle Minerals

Lower mantle, ranging from 660 km to 2 890 km depth, occupies 49.2% of the Earth by mass and is at extremely high pressure and temperature conditions. Experimental studies on the physical properties of the lower mantle minerals, particular the structure, density, and sound velocity, etc., are important to understand the structure, composition, and dynamic behavior of the region. Here we summarize the recent experimental results on the structure and thermal equation of states of the lower mantle minerals, including bridgmanite, ferropericlase, CaSiO₃-perovskite, and silicate post-perovskite, and discuss the effect of pressure, temperature, composition, and Fe-spin transition on the density and bulk sound velocity of those minerals. This review aims to provide new insights into the lower-mantle structure and chemistry and help to understand the observed velocity anomalies in the lower mantle.     

多波束测深波束脚印位置归算模型研究

推导了多波束测深脚印位置归算模型,通过与CARIS软件进行实例比对,验证了该模型的有效性。在数据处理过程中,采用时标序列检索的方式处理导航时间延迟,取得了良好的效果;采用条带姿态进行姿态改正避免了"杠杆"旋转对边缘波束深度的影响。实例比对表明,该模型结果与CARIS软件输出结果一致。