祁连山区风吹雪对积雪质能过程的影响

风吹雪是山区积雪水文过程的重要组成部分. 采用祁连山区冰沟流域2008年积雪期观测数据, 通过对风吹雪实地观测分析、风吹雪的发生概率、风吹雪迁移以及风吹雪升华等分析, 从野外观测、计算模拟两个方面对祁连山区风吹雪质能过程进行了详细探讨. 结果表明: 位于流域海拔较高处(海拔4 146 m)的研究区垭口站, 风吹雪现象较为显著, 因之造成的积雪重新分布极为严重. 垭口站风吹雪频发于冬季及初春融雪未发生时, 积雪在风速作用下迁移量较大; 而进入融雪期之后, 因气温上升、雪面融化以及再冻结, 风吹雪发生概率急剧减小. 风吹雪在积雪升华中占有较大比重, 2008年积雪期, 垭口站风吹雪升华估算值约占积雪升华(包括雪面升华)的41.5%.     

Snow interception modelling: Isolated observations have led to many land surface models lacking appropriate temperature sensitivities

When formulating a hydrologic model, scientists rely on parameterizations of multiple processes based on field data, but literature review suggests that more frequently people select parameterizations that were included in pre-existing models rather than re-evaluating the underlying field experiments. Problems arise when limited field data exist, when “trusted” approaches do not get reevaluated, and when sensitivities fundamentally change in different environments. The physics and dynamics of snow interception by conifers is just such a case, and it is critical to simulation of the water budget and surface albedo. The most commonly used interception parameterization is based on data from four trees from one site, but results from this field study are not directly transferable to locations with relatively warmer winters, where the dominant processes differ dramatically. Here, we combine a literature review with model experiments to demonstrate needed improvements. Our results show that the choice of model form and parameters can vary the fraction of snow lost through interception by as much as 30%. In most simulations, the warming of mean winter temperatures from −7 to 0°C reduces the modelled fraction of snow under the canopy compared to the open, but the magnitude of simulated decrease varies from about 10% to 40%. The range of results is even larger when considering models that neglect the melting of in-canopy snow in higher-humidity environments where canopy sublimation plays less of a role. Thus, we recommend that all models represent canopy snowmelt and include representation of increased loading due to increased adhesion and cohesion when temperatures rise from −3 to 0°C. In addition to model improvements, field experiments across climates and forest types are needed to investigate how to best model the combination of dynamically changing forest cover and snow cover to better understand and predict changes to albedo and water supplies.     

念青唐古拉山脉西段雪线高度变化遥感观测

利用Landsat TM/ETM+/8 OLI和HJ1A遥感影像资料作为数据源,通过目视解译方法,提取念青唐古拉山脉西段雪线高度变化值,同时对研究区周边气温与降水变化趋势进行分析,研究其与冰川变化的关系。结果表明：2004~2013年北坡13条冰川和南坡15条冰川的雪线高度都呈升高的趋势;从整体上来考察,北坡雪线高度升高值为14 m/a,南坡升高值为4.9 m/a,北坡升高速度比南坡快;自1964年以来,研究区气温升高趋势显著,降水增加不明显,气候变暖是冰川退缩的主要原因;北坡冰川比南坡冰川经历更大的物质负平衡,主要是由于气温的升高率北坡比南坡快所致。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川成冰作用的新认识

冰川成冰作用的研究对于选择冰芯钻取点具有重要的科学意义。前人对珠穆朗玛峰北坡冰川成冰作用的研究,由于缺少高海拔区域的实测资料而具有一定的局限性。文章通过1998年东绒布冰川垭口处(6 500 m a. s. l.)11 m冰芯和海拔6 450 m处20 m冰芯剖面的成冰作用过程研究,认识到由于水、热条件的逐年波动,冰川成冰作用也处于变化之中。珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川高海拔区域,在一定的水、热条件下(如气温较低和降水量较大等),再冻结-重结晶作用依然占主导地位,该成冰作用至少在垭口部位是有分布的。而一般在气温较高或降水量较少等条件下,冰川的成冰作用则以冷渗浸-重结晶作用为主。     

1980-2019年青藏高原积雪深度时空差异性分析北大核心CSCD

积雪是地表特征的重要参数,其对辐射收支、能量平衡及天气和气候变化有重要影响。利用1980-2019年被动微波遥感积雪深度资料对青藏高原积雪时空特征进行分析,在此基础上将高原划分为东部、南部、西部及中部4个区域,并分区域讨论了多时间尺度积雪的变化特征及其与气温、降水的相关关系。结果表明:不同区域积雪深度在不同时间尺度的变化特征存在差异,高原东部积雪深度累积和消融的速率比西部快,南部积雪深度累积和消融速率比中部快。季节尺度上,冬季积雪高原东部最大,中部最小;春季积雪高原东部消融速率最大,西部积雪消融较慢但积雪深度最大;夏季高原西部仍有积雪存在。年际尺度上,各区域积雪深度在1980-2019年均呈现缓慢下降趋势,但东部积雪减少不显著;高原东部积雪深度在1980-2019年呈现出增加-减少-增加-减少的变化,其余3区均呈现出减少-增加-减少-增加-减少的变化。不同区域积雪深度对气温、降水的响应不同,高原东部和中部积雪深度与气温相关性较好;各区域积雪深度与降水呈不显著的正相关关系。     

Cross-calibration of brightness temperature obtained by FY-3B/MWRI using Aqua/AMSR-E data for snow depth retrieval in the Arctic

This study cross-calibrated the brightness temperatures observed in the Arctic by using the FY-3B/MWRI L1 and the Aqua/AMSR-E L2A. The monthly parameters of the cross-calibration were determined and evaluated using robust linear regression. The snow depth in case of seasonal ice was calculated by using parameters of the crosscalibration of data from the MWRI T_b. The correlation coefficients of the H/V polarization among all channels T_b of the two sensors were higher than 0.97. The parameters of the monthly cross-calibration were useful for the snow depth retrieval using the MWRI. Data from the MWRI T_b were cross-calibrated to the AMSR-E baseline.Biases in the data of the two sensors were optimized to approximately 0 K through the cross-calibration, the standard deviations decreased significantly in the range of 1.32 K to 2.57 K, and the correlation coefficients were as high as 99%. An analysis of the statistical distributions of the histograms before and after cross-calibration indicated that the FY-3B/MWRI T_b data had been well calibrated. Furthermore, the results of the cross-calibration were evaluated by data on the daily average T_b at 18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz, and 36.5 GHz(V polarization), and at 89 GHz(H/V polarization), and were applied to the snow depths retrieval in the Arctic. The parameters of monthly cross-calibration were found to be effective in terms of correcting the daily average T_b. The results of the snow depths were compared with those of the calibrated MWRI and AMSR-E products. Biases of 0.18 cm to 0.38 cm were observed in the monthly snow depths, with the standard deviations ranging from 4.19 cm to 4.80 cm.     

基于遥感的冰川信息提取方法研究进展

对冰川监测中常用的遥感卫星、 传感器及冰川信息提取方法等进行了综合评价, 常规方法中普遍认为比值法的精度最高, 新产生的面向对象分类和雷达干涉测量方法虽一定程度上提高了冰川提取精度, 但冰碛物仍是自动识别的难点. 针对表碛覆盖冰川虽发展了一些自动、 半自动的方法, 但这些方法还不够成熟、 不具有通用性. 积雪、 冰碛物和地面验证仍是冰川自动提取存在的重要问题, 发展更先进、 更成熟的方法是冰川研究的重要方向, 未来可以尝试采用粗糙集理论及ICESAT卫星波形提高冰川信息提取的精度.     

Spatial distributions and interannual variations of snow cover over China in the last 40 years

By using the observational snow data of more than 700 weather stations,the interannual temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal snow cover in China were analyzed.The results show that northern Xinjiang,northeastern China-Inner Mongolia,and the southwestern and southern portions of Tibetan Plateau are three regions in China with high seasonal snow cover and also an interannual anomaly of snow cover.According to the trend of both the snow depth and snow cover days,there are three changing patterns for the seasonal snow cover:The first type is that both snow depth and snow cover days simultaneously increase or decrease;this includes northern Xinjiang,middle and eastern Inner Mongolia,and so on.The second is that snow depth increases but snow cover days decrease;this type mainly locates in the eastern parts of the northeastern plain of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The last type is that snow depth decreases but snow cover days increase at the same time such as that in middle parts of Tibetan Plateau.Snow cover in China appears to have been having a slow increasing trend during the last 40 years.On the decadal scale,snow depth and snow cover days slightly increased in the 1960s and then decreased in the 1970s;they again turn to increasing in the 1980s and persist into 1990s.     

不同积雪深度下地面温度与雪面温度的相关

基于新疆昌吉州5个国家气象站2008—2010年积雪深度大于等于0 cm的实测地面温度与雪面温度,对0 cm地面温度（含最高、最低）、雪面温度（含最高、最低）及云量、日照时数、雪深进行统计分析,找出不同积雪深度下地面温度与雪面温度的关系,并以阜康市天池气象站2011年所有积雪日数据对关系模型作检验。结果显示：地面温度与雪面温度的关系有3个雪深分层：5 cm以下、6~40 cm和40 cm以上,积雪深度为0~5 cm时,地面温度与雪面温度差值很小,受雪深及天气条件影响明显,雪深6~40 cm,主要受雪深影响,雪深超过40 cm,地面温度趋于定值。     

积雪变化对中国森林凋落物分解影响研究进展

森林凋落物的分解对于维持生态系统物质循环和养分平衡具有重要意义,并受到不同积雪厚度下冻融格局的影响。冻融期（包括冻结过程期、完全冻结期、融化过程期）是冻土区凋落物分解的重要时期,该时期分解的凋落物量约占全年分解总量的一半。积雪减少通常会导致土壤温度降低、冻融循环次数增加,进而影响凋落物分解。通过综述近10年来积雪变化对我国森林凋落物分解影响的研究成果发现,积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常会抑制凋落物质量损失、碳元素释放和纤维素降解,生长季则起到促进作用,从全年来看多数表现为抑制作用。因此,冻融作用造成凋落物的物理破坏,对其分解的促进作用主要发生在后续生长季。积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常抑制氮元素释放,生长季和全年则无明显规律;磷元素和木质素目前研究还存在很大差异。最后,进一步阐述了积雪变化对凋落物分解影响研究存在的问题及未来研究发展方向。