1980-2019年青藏高原积雪深度时空差异性分析北大核心CSCD

积雪是地表特征的重要参数,其对辐射收支、能量平衡及天气和气候变化有重要影响。利用1980-2019年被动微波遥感积雪深度资料对青藏高原积雪时空特征进行分析,在此基础上将高原划分为东部、南部、西部及中部4个区域,并分区域讨论了多时间尺度积雪的变化特征及其与气温、降水的相关关系。结果表明:不同区域积雪深度在不同时间尺度的变化特征存在差异,高原东部积雪深度累积和消融的速率比西部快,南部积雪深度累积和消融速率比中部快。季节尺度上,冬季积雪高原东部最大,中部最小;春季积雪高原东部消融速率最大,西部积雪消融较慢但积雪深度最大;夏季高原西部仍有积雪存在。年际尺度上,各区域积雪深度在1980-2019年均呈现缓慢下降趋势,但东部积雪减少不显著;高原东部积雪深度在1980-2019年呈现出增加-减少-增加-减少的变化,其余3区均呈现出减少-增加-减少-增加-减少的变化。不同区域积雪深度对气温、降水的响应不同,高原东部和中部积雪深度与气温相关性较好;各区域积雪深度与降水呈不显著的正相关关系。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄水分动态--兼论积雪融化和冻土变化对沙丘水分分异作用

2004年3月至2005年7月对古尔班通古特沙漠南部典型半固定沙垄土壤水分进行了系统监测,结合气象资料,特别是对冬季积雪和冻土资料的分析,认为该沙漠沙丘土壤水分时空变化规律在很大程度上受积雪融化和季节性冻土的影响.由于冬季稳定存在20~30 cm的积雪于春季融化,使得春季沙丘土壤含水率成为全年最高的季节,从而为早春植物的萌发生长创造了有利的条件.冬季1 m多深的冻土于早春时节由表及里开始消融,沙丘表面融化的雪水在坡面重力作用下,沿难以透水的冻土层上界自坡上向坡下发生迁移,在春夏季形成了垄间最高、坡部次之和垄顶最少的土壤水分空间格局.该研究具有生态学意义,可为古尔班通古特沙漠特殊环境条件下植被恢复与重建提供依据.     

围岩作用下锚杆砂浆锈胀开裂过程分析

从砂浆锚杆锚固体自身的特点出发,借鉴钢筋混凝土结构锈胀开裂研究成果,对锚杆砂浆锈胀开裂过程进行了分析。考虑锚杆锈蚀体积膨胀过程,以填充系数表示砂浆开裂过程中锚杆锈蚀产物的损失,建立了锚杆锈蚀后砂浆内部位移模型,以弹性力学为基础,引入围岩参数影响系数概念,对锚杆锈蚀导致砂浆保护层开裂过程以及围岩参数对开裂过程的影响程度等进行了分析研究,并采用有限元分析方法对其进行了验证。理论分析结果表明,因锚杆锈蚀而导致的砂浆保护层开裂以及裂纹的扩展情况均与围岩特性密切相关,砂浆开裂后裂纹会经历一段稳定扩展过程,裂纹的最大稳定扩展半径随围岩参数影响系数的增加而增大,在合适的围岩参数条件下,裂纹可以一直稳定扩展致整个砂浆保护层外壁。有限元分析结论与理论结果一致。     

硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理换填覆重法研究

盐胀是硫酸盐渍土的主要危害,硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理的关键在于减少盐胀。通过不同荷载作用下的盐胀试验,研究了荷载对不同压实度、不同含盐量的硫酸盐渍土盐胀的抑制效果,拟合了盐胀经验公式,探讨了换填覆重法硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理。压实度不宜太高,在满足道面承载力的条件下建议在90%～95%之间取值;道面2 m以下可以填弱盐渍土,建议含盐量不要超过0.5%;水分危险点危害最大,必须重视排水设计。给出了确定换填覆重法最小荷载及最小厚度的方法。计算表明,覆重荷载50 kPa基本能抑制含盐量小于0.5%的硫酸盐渍土的盐胀,采用砂砾石材料最小覆重层厚度约2 m。换填覆重法在西北地区硫酸盐渍土机场地基处理中具有较好的应用前景。     

基于HJ-1A高光谱的黄河口碱蓬和柽柳盖度反演模型研究

碱蓬和柽柳是黄河口湿地典型的盐生植物类型,是多种保护珍禽的主要栖息地,具有景观尺度较小、分布广且多混生的特点。应用覆盖黄河口北部潮滩的HJ-1A高光谱遥感影像,基于现场测量的端元光谱和从遥感影像中使用顺序最大角凸锥法(SAMCC)自动提取的端元光谱,应用线性光谱分解法(LSU)、正交子空间投影法(OSP)、匹配滤波法(MF)、最小能量约束法(CEM)和自适应一致估计法(ACE)5种不同光谱解混方法进行混合像元光谱解混,对比两种方法得到的端元光谱分别对碱蓬和柽柳盖度的反演能力,并给出相应的反演模型。结果显示:(1)现场测量端元光谱取得了较好的碱蓬和柽柳盖度反演结果,其中应用LSU方法的光谱解混结果与现场测量盖度的决定系数对于碱蓬和柽柳分别达到了0.88和0.95;(2)两种端元获取方式的光谱解混结果中,LSU和OSP方法均获得了较高的相关性,ACE解混方法的相关性都最低;(3)SAMCC方法提取端元光谱对柽柳的分解结果与现场测量盖度的相关性远高于碱蓬。     

Reef status in the Rasfari region (North Malé Atoll,Maldives) five years before the mass mortality event of 1998

The Maldives was severely hit by massive coral bleaching and subsequent mortality in 1998. The results of reef monitoring in the following years have supported contrasting views about their recovery potential, partly because of the scarcity of information on the situation before 1998. Quantitative data on coral assemblages collected in 1993 in the Rasfari region (North Malé Atoll) may provide a base-line for the evaluation of the present status of the Maldivian reefs. Five years before the 1998 mortality, most coral communities appeared to be similar, in terms of both coral cover and growth-form composition, to those described in 1958 and 1964, notwithstanding increased human pressure and local events such as minor bleaching episodes in 1987 and crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) attacks in 1989. Three lessons can be learnt from these results to help to understand the present situation, some ten years after the 1998 mass mortality. First, Maldivian reefs proved in the past to be capable of maintaining flourishing coral life despite various disturbances. Second, four years had been sufficient for complete reef recovery after a (minor) bleaching event. Third, recovery after both COTS attack and bleaching follows a predictable path suggesting that the presence of a three-dimensional community structure, which should reduce post settlement mortality of coral recruits, is essential for rapid coral recovery. As coral recruitment remains high and large tabular Acropora colonies are now reappearing, it is expected that Maldivian reefs should return to their original condition within the next few years.     

南海北部底层沉积物捕获器中海雪和生物粪粒组成及来源探究

Sediment traps are an important tool for studying the source, composition and sedimentation processes of sinking particulate matter in the ocean. An in situ observational mooring(TJ-A-1) is located in the northern South China Sea(20.05°N, 117.42°E) at a water depth of 2 100 m and equipped with two sediment traps deployed at 500 m and 1 950 m. Samples were collected at 18-day intervals, and 20 samples were obtained at both depths from May 2014 to May 2015. Large amounts of fecal matter and marine snow were collected in the lower trap. The fluxes of marine snow and fecal pellets exhibited a fluctuating decrease between May 2014 and early August 2014 and then stabilized at a relatively low level. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the main components of the marine snow and fecal pellets were diatoms, coccolithophores, radiolarians, and other debris, all of which are planktons mostly produced in photic zone. Used in conjunction with the particle collection range estimates from the lower trap and data on ocean surface chlorophyll, these marine snow and fecal pellets were related to the lateral transport of deep water and not vertical migrations from overlying water column. Moreover, the source area might be southwest of Taiwan.     

南、北极雪、冰、水中的痕量元素离子与水汽化学

应用水汽化学的方法学和理论,研究南,北极雪,冰,水中的Ｚｎ＾２＋等离子,南北,极雪,冰,水中Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｃｄ＾２＋,Ｐｂ＾２＋,Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｓｎ＾４＋,Ｂｉ＾３＋离子含量的空间变化很小,与水汽化学原理计算的离子总平均含量Ｚｎ＾２＋,５．０μｇ／Ｌ,Ｐｂ＾２＋＋０．０３０μｇ／Ｌ,Ｃｕ＾２＋＋０．７０μｇ／Ｌ,Ｓｎ＾４＋＋０．９９μｇ／Ｌ,Ｂｉ＾３＋＋０．１８μｇ／Ｌ相一致。南北极Ｚｎ＾２＋等离子处     

Diagnosing snow accumulation errors in a rain‐snow transitional environment with snow board observations

Diagnosing the source of errors in snow models requires intensive observations, a flexible model framework to test competing hypotheses, and a methodology to systematically test the dominant snow processes. We present a novel process‐based approach to diagnose model errors through an example that focuses on snow accumulation processes (precipitation partitioning, new snow density, and snow compaction). Twelve years of meteorological and snow board measurements were used to identify the main source of model error on each snow accumulation day. Results show that modeled values of new snow density were outside observational uncertainties in 52% of days available for evaluation, while precipitation partitioning and compaction were in error 45% and 16% of the time, respectively. Precipitation partitioning errors mattered more for total winter accumulation during the anomalously warm winter of 2014–2015, when a higher fraction of precipitation fell within the temperature range where partition methods had the largest error. These results demonstrate how isolating individual model processes can identify the primary source(s) of model error, which helps prioritize future research.     

45a来塔里木河流域气温、降水变化及其对积雪面积的影响

对塔里木河流域19个台站45 a(1958-2002年)的气温、降水序列进行非参数检验,查明其变化趋势及特征,在此基础上,对近20 a(1982-2001年)流域的积雪面积(SCA,%)变化进行趋势与相关分析.结果表明:流域的气温和降水均在20世纪80年代中期发生了阶段式的跳跃增长,气温和降水增加的主要季节分别为冬季和夏季.流域总体的积雪面积呈缓慢增加态势,其中北区和西区增加较为稳定,而南区相对不稳定.在垂直方向上,海拔<2 500 m的区域积雪面积表现缓慢增加,而海拔≥2 500 m的区域则减少.相比较,低海拔区域更易受降水影响,而高海拔区域更易受气温影响.海拔2 500~5 000 m的高度带是对气候变化较为敏感的区域.20世纪90年代与80年代相比,降雪和融雪的速度都更快.积雪与冷季降水呈正相关,但与冷季气温没有明显的相关关系.