低空无人机的倾斜摄影测量技术在城市轨道交通建设中的应用

智慧地铁的建设需要三维模型的支撑,运用倾斜摄影测量技术,结合三维可视化技术,为智慧地铁提供了三维数据支撑,推动了全生命周期智慧地铁建设的全面发展。本文旨在以雄安新区城市轨道交通R1线为研究区,对其沿线85 km进行了无人机航飞工作,通过数据处理获取了沿线三维实景模型,并对模型成果精度进行了详细对比。结果表明,此次倾斜摄影测量成果满足1：500比例尺要求。此外,还对倾斜摄影测量技术在城市轨道交通建设中的相关应用进行了介绍,为城市轨道交通建设工作由二维向三维转变开拓了新的方向。     

北京市居民地铁出行出发时间弹性时空分布特征研究

伴随城市转型进程的加快,交通需求不断膨胀,导致大城市交通拥堵日趋严重,以调节出行者的选择行为为核心要素的交通需求管理理念成为相关政策的重要理论基础,但现有研究也表明,交通需求管理对出行弹性较高的出行具有显著调节作用,而对出行弹性较低的出行调节作用并不明显。因此,加强出行弹性等居民出行行为研究日益迫切,而公交刷卡数据等新的时空数据为居民复杂出行行为的挖掘提供了新的契机。本文利用北京市2014年3月地铁刷卡数据,以出行者出发时刻的可变性来测度出发时间选择的可改变程度,对居民地铁出行出发时间选择弹性进行测度,并结合GIS空间分析技术对其时空分布特征进行分析。研究表明：① 北京市地铁出行的居民出行弹性平均值为0.521,出发时间选择弹性整体上较大,表明北京居民出发时间选择相对较为灵活;② 北京市居民地铁出行弹性存在时空差异,居民个体休息日出行弹性高于工作日,一天中高峰时段出行弹性高于非高峰时段;③ 居民出行弹性存在空间自相关,倾向于在空间上发生集聚,存在明显的冷热点区域;内城居民的出行弹性明显高于城市外围居民。     

Fixing problems in fisheries—integrating ITQs,CBM and MPAs in management

We aim to show how some of the important interdisciplinary fixes or solutions to diverse problems observed in fisheries can complement each other. This can be achieved through methodical allocation of the rights pertaining to fisheries and simultaneous implementation of policy instruments to correct for market failures and equity concerns. We emphasize via a roadmap that there are some general principles that should be invoked when choosing between alternative structures of rights. Our examples from Sweden provide evidence of the flexibility of fishing rights and how they can be adapted to integrate fixes from different disciplines into practical fisheries management.     

Uncertainty in Coal Property Valuation in West Virginia: A Case Study

Interpolated grids of coal bed thickness are being considered for use in a proposed method for taxation of coal in the state of West Virginia (United States). To assess the origin and magnitude of possible inaccuracies in calculated coal tonnage, we used conditional simulation to generate equiprobable realizations of net coal thickness for two coals on a 7 min topographic quadrangle, and a third coal in a second quadrangle. Coals differed in average thickness and proportion of original coal that had been removed by erosion; all three coals crop out in the study area. Coal tonnage was calculated for each realization and for each interpolated grid for actual and artificial property parcels, and differences were summarized as graphs of percent difference between tonnage calculated from the grid and average tonnage from simulations. Coal in individual parcels was considered minable for valuation purposes if average thickness in each parcel exceeded 30 inches. Results of this study show that over 75% of the parcels are classified correctly as minable or unminable based on interpolation grids of coal bed thickness. Although between 80 and 90% of the tonnages differ by less than 20% between interpolated values and simulated values, a nonlinear conditional bias might exist in estimation of coal tonnage from interpolated thickness, such that tonnage is underestimated where coal is thin, and overestimated where coal is thick. The largest percent differences occur for parcels that are small in area, although because of the small quantities of coal in question, bias is small on an absolute scale for these parcels. For a given parcel size, maximum apparent overestimation of coal tonnage occurs in parcels with an average coal bed thickness near the minable cutoff of 30 in. Conditional bias in tonnage for parcels having a coal thickness exceeding the cutoff by 10 in. or more is constant for two of the three coals studied, and increases slightly with average thickness for the third coal.     

SALES TAX AS PROPERTY TAX RELIEF? THE SHIFTING ONUS OF LOCAL REVENUE GENERATION

Local governments are under pressure to develop alternative revenue sources to their already strapped property tax bases. Throughout the 1970s, municipal governments nationwide restructured their local taxes by substituing sales tax for property tax revenue. A tax accounting model identified two sources of sales-for-property tax substitution: changes in the tax rates and normal economic growth and decline. Most of the sales-for-property tax substitution experienced in Illinois city finance was attributable to economic change. The critical determinant of this substitution appreared to be the municipality's share of the regional retail market. Cities in higher density metropolitan areas were less likely to experience sales-for-property tax substitution through economic growth than those cities in lower density, less competitive environments.     

复杂环境下智能手机RTK+PDR融合定位

针对室外复杂环境下智能手机定位精度低、抗干扰能力不足的问题,本文利用手机GNSS观测值和手机内置IMU数据,采用RTK和PDR算法融合定位,对比分析了小米8和华为Mate20X两款手机的GNSS数据质量和融合定位算法性能,以及不同观测条件下融合算法的定位精度和稳定性。试验结果表明,在良好和复杂两种观测条件下,采用RTK算法定位精度分别为1.8 m和4.6 m;采用RTK+PDR融合算法定位精度分别为1.2 m和2.6 m,在两种环境下,RTK+PDR融合算法的精度分别提高了50%和76%,即显著提高了智能手机在室外复杂环境下的定位精度。     

智慧城市时空大数据云平台建设探讨

随着社会经济及城市建设的不断发展,建立智慧城市成为城市转型与国家可持续发展的有力举措。智慧城市时空大数据云平台具备数据获取、挖掘分析、时空数据服务等能力,为智慧城市的智能化带来可能。本文分析了传统智慧城市存在的问题,阐述了大数据时代智慧城市建设的技术路线及关键技术等方面的内容。     

从技术中心主义到人本主义：智慧城市研究进展与展望

随着5G网络、物联网、云计算、大数据分析、地理信息系统等新技术的兴起,探索更具包容性和创新潜力的参与式治理,引导高效的技术研发与运用,实现城市“以地方现实为基础、以社会需求为导向”的智慧化转型,已成为国内外城市地理学的重要与前沿议题。人本主义视角下的智慧城市研究,为地理学者介入这一领域提供了理论工具。不同于技术中心主义将智慧城市视作由数字技术构成的物理空间集合,人本主义强调特定情境下的技术、社会(人文治理)与空间的互动。该视角呼吁对多方行动者参与技术研发、基础设施建设与治理决策的合作互动开展微观研究,以揭示智慧城市的共建过程与地方性驱动机制。论文梳理了国内外人本主义研究的最新进展,认为该视角下的研究仍然沿袭“技术中心”或采用与之对立的“知识中心”立场,而缺少技术—社会互动的视角来理解城市智慧化转型。论文提出未来值得深入探讨的议题,即技术与社会(治理)的共生性、围绕技术研发的社会关系互动复杂性、技术研发与关系互动的语境化分析。探讨以上议题有助于理解智慧城市如何作为一个复杂地域系统,在人与技术的持续互动中发生转型,也可为未来中国相关研究提供理论借鉴。     

一种建筑信息模型与三维数字城市集成方法

BIM的发展为数字城市三维模型提供了更加精确的数据来源,现有研究主要关注BIM空间实体模型向三维表面模型转换,缺少建筑语义信息映射及整体集成方案研究。本文以构成建筑骨架的主要空间构件为研究对象,在参考IFC标准基础上,结合数字城市应用特点设计了具有空间语义一致性的建筑构件信息模型BCM,在此基础上提出建筑信息模型和三维数字城市集成方案。首先,基于CAD图纸开展BIM模型交互式构建,然后,通过空间和语义信息映射将其转换为BCM,并基于ArcGIS Geodatabase建立建筑构件信息库,在三维数字城市场景开展建筑构件信息的集成应用。该方案可实现建筑构件信息与三维数字城市的大规模集成,对推动数字城市向智慧城市发展,进一步开展建筑内外模型集成展示、建筑节能分析、内部设施管理等具有重要价值。     

地市级地理信息共享服务平台设计

随着社会经济与信息技术的不断发展,地市级智慧城市建设提上日程,如何建立一套规范统一而又具有通用性的地理信息共享服务平台是其关键.平台建设必须考虑三方面内容,即建设内容、运维机制与具体应用.在智慧唐山建设过程中,以面向服务为目标,顾及地市级地理信息共享服务平台的通用性,针对总体需求、总体架构、关键技术等方面进行设计,明确地理信息共享服务平台建设的内容、运维机制建设以及示范应用等内容,探讨适用于地市级智慧城市地理信息共享服务平台构建的解决方案.