BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

New estimation of usually neglected forces acting on Galilean system

We studied small perturbations acting on Galilean satellites. Most of them are still not computed in the analytical theories and could probably improve the ephemeris of these satellites which are outside the precision of the observations. We used a numerical method to test the effect of such perturbations. Here are reporting the main results we obtained.     

单极大型组构冰的单轴压缩试验研究

试样取自南极洛多姆（Ｌａｗ Ｄｏｍｅ）冰帽具有单极大型组构的冰芯和人造各向同性多晶冰，试验温度为－３．３℃，应力条件为０．３ＭＰａ八面体剪应力。冰芯试样的最小应变率经最小各向同性应变率约低３倍，说明此处的各向异性对应变率没有增强作用。随着第三应变阶段的发展，冰芯冰和人造冰的第三应变率趋近相同的恒定值。试验结束时，冰芯和人造冰ｃ轴方位组构类型均为小圆环，晶粒尺寸趋近向一平衡值。试验结果证明，小圆环型     

Baseline geochemical mapping of Sardinia (Italy)

A total of about 20,000 stream sediment samples from about 13,000 km² were collected in Sardinia and analysed for eleven elements (Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) by Ente Minerario Sardo (EMS), aimed at mineral exploration. We have reutilized 16,890 samples (covering an area of 7987 km²) of the above data to compile geochemical baseline maps for all single elements as well as maps showing the regional variability of factor scores resulting from R-mode factor analysis. This type of maps has a particular relevance to environmental issues, especially in a region such as Sardinia which has been mined since pre-Roman times.     

软土盾构施工地表变形的小样本进化神经网络预测

上海地区软土具有高压缩性和易塑流等特性,在盾构机的挤压和不当施工扰动下将会引起较大的土层移动和地表隆陷。以盾构施工实测位移资料为学习样本,通过遗传算法搜索具有最优预测效果的神经网络结构及学习参数。利用获得的进化神经网络在小样本训练情况下建立模型,对下一步施工的地表变形进行合理的预测。对上海市某盾构隧道的施工地表变形预测表明该模型可获得较高预测精度。     

Soil water condition and small mammal spatial distribution in Inner Mongolian steppes, China

We studied the roles of soil moisture contents and vegetation structure in the spatial distribution of small mammals in the typical steppes of Inner Mongolia, China, using logistic and linear regressions of a data set collected in a 6-year study. Our results indicated that soil moisture contents remained in the most parsimonious models for Spermophilus dauricus, Cricetulus barabensis, Microtus maximowiczii, M. gregalis, and Ochotona daurica. The relative abundance of C. barabensis, M. maximowiczii, and O. daurica was inversely related to soil moisture contents, while that of M. gregalis and S. dauricus was positively related to soil moisture contents in logistic regressions. Linear regression analyses showed that soil moisture contents and the number of small mammal species were inversely related. The negative effects of wet soil were consistent at both small mammal population and community levels in the semi-arid steppes. Above-ground plant biomass and plant coverage also affected the spatial distribution of small mammals in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.     

Accuracy of GPS-derived relative positions as a function of interstation distance and observing-session duration

 Ten days of GPS data from 1998 were processed to determine how the accuracy of a derived three-dimensional relative position vector between GPS antennas depends on the chord distance (denoted L) between these antennas and on the duration of the GPS observing session (denoted T). It was found that the dependence of accuracy on L is negligibly small when (a) using the `final' GPS satellite orbits disseminated by the International GPS Service, (b) fixing integer ambiguities, (c) estimating appropriate neutral-atmosphere-delay parameters, (d) 26 km ≤ L ≤ 300 km, and (e) 4 h ≤T ≤ 24 h. Under these same conditions, the standard error for the relative position in the north–south dimension (denoted S _n and expressed in mm) is adequately approximated by the equation S _n =k _n /T ^0.5 with k _n =9.5 ± 2.1 mm · h^0.5 and T expressed in hours. Similarly, the standard errors for the relative position in the east–west and in the up-down dimensions are adequately approximated by the equations S _e =k _e /T ^0.5 and S _u =k _u /T ^0.5, respectively, with k _e =9.9 ± 3.1 mm · h^0.5 and k _u =36.5 ± 9.1 mm · h^0.5. Received: 5 February 2001 / Accepted: 14 May 2001     

利用长期观测资料评价GPS短基线的定位精度

根据隔河岩大坝外观变形ＧＰＳ自动化监测系统的大量观测资料（１９９８年６月－１９９９年１２月），全面分析并评价了间距为１ｋｍ的两个工作基点相对定位的三维精度。结果表明，２小时解的精度为∧±２．８６ｍｍ（ｎ）、±２．５０ｍｍ（Ｅ）和±６．５２ｍｍ（Ｕ）；６小时解的精度为±２．０６ｍｍ（Ｎ）、±１．７７ｍｍ（Ｅ）和±４．４９ｍｍ（Ｕ）；垂直方向的精度约水平方向的２．５倍。这一精度分析结果具有大子样容量的特性．客观反映了ＧＰＳ在单一短基线进行相对定位的三维精度情况，可为ＧＰＳ用于精密工程测量和变形监测的方案设计提供参考。     

小口径冲孔灌孔桩理论与实践初探

结合作者的工作实践介绍了小口径冲孔灌注桩的设备组成、施工工艺、桩身特征、以及设计与施工特点，同时，文中结合两个工程实例介绍了该桩型的优势与局限性。     

攀枝花地区土壤环境地球化学基线的影响因素研究

研究以攀枝花地区为例，探讨了地质背景、样品粒级、取样深度、样品的矿物组成、分析测试方法以及基线模型等因素对确定土壤环境地球化学基线的影响。在确定地球化学基线的过程中必须对上述各种因素进行系统分析，确保获得的地球化学基线值科学、合理、适用。同时还应根据研究目标和区域地质背景的不同，选择合适的研究对象、采样方法、分析测试手段，建立有广泛代表性的基线模型确定地球化学基线。