Emergence Patterns of Small Subtidal Arthropods in Relation to Day/Night, Tidal, and Surface/Bottom Factors: Investigations in the Boreal Sea, Japan (Akkeshi, Hokkaido)

The emergence of small arthropods was studied in the boreal sea, Japan (Akkeshi, Hokkaido). In the shallow subtidal zone, two impeller pumps were set in the surface and bottom waters. The pumps ran continuously for 25 days (22 August-16 September, 1998), and invertebrates were sampled using a nylon net (300 to 500 m in mesh size). The small arthropods collected with the net belonged to 16 orders comprising about 60 taxa. In the dominant 23 taxa, a two-way ANOVA was applied to determine whether there was any significant difference in abundance between day and night and between surface and bottom. While emergence of 15 taxa (65%) was significantly different with regard to the day/night factor, that of the other 8 taxa (35%) was not. As to the difference between the two depths, the distribution of 15 taxa (65%) was significantly different. Furthermore, in 25 taxa for which over 100 specimens were collected in each of the two depths of water, emergence patterns were examined with regard to the synchrony with day/night and tidal cycles. There were various nocturnal patterns, and the strength of the synchrony with the day/night cycle was different for each species or group. Within the same taxa, nocturnal patterns were more clearly manifested in the surface water than in the bottom water. A tidal rhythm of emergence was only seen in zoeas of shrimp. Variations of the emergence patterns of benthic crustaceans are accounted for by a hypothesis that the frequency of swimming during day versus at night is different in each species. On the other hand, the emergence patterns of some zooplankton reflect by the daily rhythm of vertical migration or dispersal in the water column.     

On the Occurrence of Oceanic Tintinnines with Particular Consideration of the SpeciesAmphorides laackmanni(Jörgensen, 1924), (Ciliophora, Oligotrichida, Tintinnina) in the Northern Adriatic Sea

Abstract. Investigations into the occurrence of oceanic tintinnines in the northern Adriatic Sea were carried out during 62 cruises between November 1979 and September 1995. A contribution to the knowledge of the ecological conditions behind the occurrence of oceanic tintinnines, particularly a consideration of the species Amphorides luuckmanni (Tintinnina) in the northern Adriatic Sea, is presented in this paper. Oceanic tintinnines are usually very rare organisms and their occurrence in the northern Adriatic is connected with the inflow of oligotrophic water masses from the southern Adriatic in autumn. After exceptionally high freshwater discharge from the Po River caused an intensive diatom bloom (October 1993), in early November, with an intrusion of water of high salinity from the south, the mass occurrence of the rare species A. luuckmunni in northern Adriatic open waters was noted, with a maximum of 890 indiv., I^-1. This numerical abundance is the highest ever registered for oceanic tintinnines in the Adriatic Sea. Therefore it may be assumed that oceanic tintinnines occasionally play an important role in the food web in the northern Adriatic pelagic community.     

Coastal Disturbance in Sea Level Propagating along the South Coast of Japan and Its Impact on the Kuroshio

The coastal sea level propagating westward along the south coast of Japan and the impact of the disturbance on the generation of the Kuroshio small meander have been examined. The propagation occurs in sea level variations for periods shorter than 10 days and is remarkable for periods of 4–6 days. Characteristics of the 4–6 day component have been studied using the extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF). The first and second modes of EEOF are almost in-phase throughout the south coast of Japan. The higher four modes of EEOF are significantly excited when the Kuroshio takes the non-large-meander path, and propagate westward with phase speeds of 2.8 m s⁻¹ (third and fourth modes) and 1.6 m s⁻¹ (fifth and sixth modes) in the Kuroshio region west of Mera in the Boso Peninsula. The analysis shows that more than 70% of the small meanders generate in two months after a significant propagating disturbance reaches south of Kyushu when the velocity of the Kuroshio is high. This effect of coastal disturbance is examined by numerical experiments with a 2.5-layer model in which coastal disturbance is excited by vertical displacement of the upper interface. The result is that offshore displacement of the Kuroshio occurs southeast of Kyushu only in the case of significant upward displacement of the interface under the influence of a high Kuroshio velocity. The significant coastal disturbance, which is associated with upward displacement of the density interface, and a high Kuroshio velocity can therefore be important factors in generating small meanders.     

Description of the small plastics fragments in marine sediments along the Alang-Sosiya ship-breaking yard, India

This study aimed to assess the accumulation of small plastic debris in the intertidal sediments of the world's largest ship-breaking yard at Alang-Sosiya, India. Small plastics fragments were collected by flotation and separated according to their basic polymer type under a microscope, and subsequently identified by FT-IR spectroscopy as polyurethane, nylon, polystyrene, polyester and glass wool. The morphology of these materials was also studied using a scanning electron microscope. Overall, there were on average 81 mg of small plastics fragments per kg of sediment. The described plastic fragments are believed to have resulted directly from the ship-breaking activities at the site.     

长江口北支潮汐能源的综合利用

长江口北支有着丰富的潮汐能源及淡水，航运、水产等资源，因长期未加规划、治理，以致远未开发利用，反使河道淤浅，迳流减少，通航能力降低，且有大量泥沙，盐倒灌南支，恶化航道、水质，亟待整治、开发。研究提出，北支潮汐能可有效地用以发电和疏浚河道。可利用北支有利的河势，建造大、小双库开发方式的潮汐电站，并利用该河上、下游端间具有潮时差的有利因素，使电站可以连续不断发电、供电。同时可利用建造的上、中、下游三座水闸，逐级集水攻沙，冲刷航道淤沙，提高通航能力，实现江、海直接联运。另可兼收淡水供应，水产养殖、旅游，以及沟通崇明岛与苏北的陆上交通等效益，潮汐电站工程可采用现实可行的新技术、新材料、新的结构形式，以降低造价，使我国潮汐能得到充分开发利用。     

城市扩展对趵突泉泉域直接补给区保泉能力影响

直接补给区是趵突泉泉域重要的补给场所之一,随着城市发展其面积逐渐缩小。通过遥感手段解译60多年来济南城市发展趋势,分析揭示其对直接补给区面积及强渗漏小流域入渗功能的影响,采用大气降雨入渗系数法定量计算直接补给区面积削减对泉水保护的影响。结果表明,1954年—2015年,济南城市发展经历了平缓增长、快速增长、爆发式增长3个发展阶段,导致泉水直接补给区面积累计削减130km^2,约占总面积的29%,直接补给区内强渗漏小流域遭受不同程度破坏,6个渗漏功能完全丧失,9个渗漏功能部分丧失,仅9个渗漏功能保存近似完好,直接造成泉水入渗补给量减少约9.7万m^3/d(以多年平均降雨量648mm计)。直接补给区生态功能亟待保护与修复,应统筹管理小流域内山、水、林、土、草,加强小流域内山坡、山脚、山谷局部水循环的系统保护与修复,逐步恢复泉水补给能力。     

A multilaminate constitutive model accounting for anisotropic small strain stiffness

In this paper an extension of existing multilaminate soil models is presented, which can account for inherent and stress‐induced cross‐anisotropic elasticity in the small strain range and its dependency on the load history. In the multilaminate framework, material behaviour is formulated on a number of local planes in each stress point, and the macroscopic response of the material is obtained by integration of the local contributions. Strain‐induced anisotropy, which adds to the stiffness anisotropy inherently present in the material, is therefore intrinsically taken into account. Micro–macro relations between local parameters on plane level and global parameters on macroscopic level are obtained by the spectral decomposition of the global elastic compliance matrix. The model is implemented into a finite‐element code, and model predictions are compared with experimental data of triaxial tests on different soils involving small and large load cycles. The importance of cross‐anisotropic elasticity within the small strain range for predicting ground deformations in geotechnical boundary value problems is discussed at the example of an excavation problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HEC-HMS模型参数区域化在河南省小流域适用性研究

针对HEC-HMS模型参数区域化在河南省小流域适用性问题,将HEC-HMS模型应用于河南省内栾川、告成、下河村、裴河、中汤、李青店六个小流域,以栾川、告成、下河村、裴河为参证流域建立模型参数与下垫面特征值之间的回归关系,以中汤、李青店流域为例对区域化结果进行验证。HEC-HMS模型在六个小流域洪水模拟平均合格率分别为80.56%、83.33%、77.78%、80.56%、83.33%、75%,均达到乙级水平,表明HEC-HMS模型能够较好的用于河南省小流域的洪水模拟,区域化方法可有效推求河南省无资料小流域HEC-HMS模型的模型参数。     

三种软件解算GPS长基线的精度分析

探讨利用LGO、TGO和Pinnacle三种GPS数据处理商业软件解算长基线的方法。通过实例计算,与GPS数据处理软件GAMIT解算结果进行对比分析,再利用不同解算方式和不同改正模型对基线解算精度进行比较,验证了LGO、TGO和Pinnacle能够在不同长度的基线范围内解算出高精度的成果。根据工程的精度要求,可以选用不同商业软件进行数据处理,对GPS数据处理方法进行了有益的探索。     

一种多糖小口径人工血管的机械性质表征

本文对本实验室制备的小口径人工血管的机械性质进行了表征并与大鼠腹主动脉和犬股动脉进行了比较。人工血管的内径分别为1.5、2、3和4mm,大鼠腹主动脉和犬股动脉内径分别为1.5和3mm。人工血管的加压扩张内径与自然内径有显著性差异(P0.05);其吸水率均高于270%,内径越大,吸水率越高;其内表面材料致密,外表面材料的孔隙率是(96.24±3.99)%;其水渗透压均高于8.78kPa,水渗透量均在低于2~3mL·min-1·cm-2;其爆破压在532KPa左右,均高于犬股动脉(P0.05);其纵向拉伸率均高于大鼠腹主动脉(P0.05),但低于犬股动脉(P0.05),断裂拉伸率均低于大鼠腹主动脉和犬股动脉(P0.05),其耐缝合强度均高于大鼠腹主动脉(P0.05),顺应性均低于犬股动脉(P0.05)。基于上述信息,这种小口径人工血管能满足大鼠腹主动脉和犬股动脉血管置换的要求,但仍需改进。