同伦函数与填充函数相结合的非线性最小二乘平差模型

提出了同伦函数与填充函数相结合进行非线性最小二乘平差的方法。先采用同伦函数求解非线性恰定方程组,得到一个局部最优解,然后以该局部最优解为基础构造填充函数,通过对填充函数求解,得到比当前局部最优解更小的局部极小点,再以该局部极小点为基础重新构造同伦函数和填充函数进行求解,通过有限步的循环迭代,最终找到非线性最小二乘平差的全局最优解。实例验证,该方法能有效地寻找出非线性最小二乘平差的全局最优解。     

中国大地测量数据处理60年重要进展 第二部分:大地测量参数估计理论与方法的主要进展

大地测量参数估计原理是大地测量数据处理的重要基础。中国学者经过60年不懈努力,在自由网平差、拟稳平差、半参数估计、不适定问题解算方法、抗差估计、自适应滤波等领域做出了重要贡献,建立了许多新的理论、模型和方法,推进了大地测量数据处理理论的进展。这一部分重点介绍建国60年来中国学者在大地测量数据处理原理、方法方面取得的成就。     

GPS技术应用与质量控制

结合工作实践,对GPS技术应用与质量控制进行了分析和探讨,概述了GPS网的设计及野外观测中应注意的问题,重点通过对基线解算过程中影响成果质量的诸多因素进行详细分析和论述,以期最大限度的消除误差影响,提高成果精度。     

测量平差课程教学改革探讨

测量平差课程作为测绘类本专科生的一门专业必修课程,只有通过教学改革,才能满足科学技术发展和社会对本学科提出的新要求。本文作者结合自身教学实践,从课程的教学体系、教学内容和方法、实践教学、如何培养学生科研能力等几个方面探讨了测量平差课程教学改革中的一些问题。     

利用已有像控点的多期航空影像光束法区域网联合平差

为了充分利用已有航空影像与控制成果,节约作业成本,缩短作业周期,提出一种利用已有像控点联合多期航空影像进行整体平差加密的数学模型,并采用我国南方某地区的数据资料进行了试验证明。结果表明,联合平差能将已有像控点的控制作用通过多期影像间的同名点传递到最新航空影像上,联合平差加密点的平面精度与常规光束法区域网平差加密精度基本一致,而高程精度则取决于多期影像间同名点的观测值个数,同名点观测值越多,加密点高程精度越高,因此只要多期影像间存在足够多的同名点观测值,则联合平差的加密精度完全能够满足摄影测量地形图测绘的生产需要。     

线性不等式约束平差模型的一种解算方法

不等式约束是实际测量中存在的一种约束,本文利用整标集法求解附线性不等式约束平差模型。首先了介绍带有不等式约束平差的最小二乘问题转化成凸二次规划问题,然后在Kuhn-Tucker条件下把二次规划问题转换成线性互补问题的基础上,利用整标集法来求出参数的最佳估值,最后通过一个数值算例来说明了该方法的可行性。     

基于卡西欧fx-4800P计算器的附合导线近似平差程序

卡西欧fx-4800P计算器近年来普遍应用于工程测量工作中。针对卡西欧fx-4800P计算器具体特点,编制附合导线近似平差计算程序,并演示算例,可以提高计算准确率与工作效率。     

Addressing regional disparities in allowance allocation in China’s national emissions trading scheme

China's national emissions trading scheme (ETS) is expected to be operational in 2017. Effectively addressing regional disparities at the provincial level in allowance allocation will greatly affect the acceptance of the allocation approach and thus deserves careful consideration. This article aims to explore possible approaches for addressing regional disparities, by introducing regional adjustment factors (RAF) in free allowance allocation. Based on the principle of ‘national unified rules?+?stricter adjustment by provincial authorities’, four single factorial and three multi-factorial methods are proposed to calculate the RAFs, through a normalization process. These methods are associated with the most acknowledged factors dealing with regional disparities, including per-capita GDP; per-capita CO₂ emissions; industrial sector contribution to GDP; economy-wide emissions control targets and CO₂ emissions per unit GDP, per unit power and heat output and per unit industrial added value. A comparative analysis is made for the seven methods, in regard to value distribution and level of matching regional political demand.

Key policy insights

• ‘Allowing stricter regional adjustment’ represents a dominant feature for China's national ETS, which aims to address regional disparities and government demands.

• How the adjustment plan is designed will have a major influence on the operation of the national ETS and regional business competitiveness. Provincial governments need to consider the trade-off between auction revenue and local business competitiveness.

• Applying the different methods leads to more scattered results for some regions, for whom the choice of adjustment approach will therefore have a greater impact.

• Based on the analysis, four adjustment methods that generate similar results – the per-capita GDP-based method, the intensity reduction target-based method, the 12th FYP target-based method and intensity-based grandfathering – are recommended for most provincial-level regions, with some exceptions.

     

南京地电阻率长趋势变化与区域应力调整的关系研究

江苏南京台北南测道2013—2016年年初出现了与邻近的南京江宁台同步的地电阻率长趋势上升变化,2016年的年中出现了与江宁台和稍远距离的江苏高邮、新沂台同步的趋势下降变化。本文用年变形态、消除年变等数据处理方法并联系该区降雨量分析了南京台等地电阻率长程观测数据,基于视电阻率变化与地下介质内部骨架电阻率ρ°、裂隙水电阻率ρf、裂隙率ν之间的本构关系讨论了地电阻率趋势变化的原因,得到:该台南北向测道地电阻率趋势上升变化起因于台站及周边区域性地下介质的应力调整过程,动力来源可能是本区域地壳局部构造运动。     

Adjustment of self-formed bankfull channel geometry of meandering rivers: modelling study

We consider the evolution of the hydraulic geometry of sand-bed meandering rivers. We study the difference between the timescale of longitudinal river profile adjustment and that of channel width and depth adjustment. We also study the effect of hydrological regime alteration on the evolution of bankfull channel geometry. To achieve this, a previously developed model for the spatiotemporal co-evolution of bankfull channel characteristics, including bankfull discharge, bankfull width, bankfull depth and down-channel bed slope, is used. In our modelling framework, flow variability is considered in terms of a specified flow duration curve. Taking advantage of this unique feature, we identify the flow range responsible for long-term bankfull channel change within the specified flow duration curve. That is, the relative importance of extremely high short-duration flows compared to moderately high longer duration flows is examined. The Minnesota River, MN, USA, an actively meandering sand-bed stream, is selected for a case study. The longitudinal profile of the study reach has been in adjustment toward equilibrium since the end of the last glaciation, while its bankfull cross-section is rapidly widening due to hydrological regime change in the last several decades. We use the model to demonstrate that the timescale for longitudinal channel profile adjustment is much greater than the timescale for cross-sectional profile adjustment due to a lateral channel shift. We also show that hydrological regime shift is responsible for the recent rapid widening of the Minnesota River. Our analysis suggests that increases in the 5–25% exceedance flows play a more significant role in recent bankfull channel enlargement of the Minnesota River than increase in either the 0.1% exceedance flow or the 90% exceedance flow. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.