Beach Morphodynamics influenced by an ebb‐tidal delta on the north Florida Atlantic coast

Tidal inlets interrupt longshore sediment transport, thereby exerting an influence on adjacent beach morphology. To investigate the details and spatial extent of an inlet's influence, we examine beach topographic change along a 1.5 km coastal reach adjacent to Matanzas Inlet, on the Florida Atlantic coast. Analyses of beach morphology reveal a behavioral change between 0.64 and 0.86 km from the inlet channel centerline, interpreted to represent the spatial extent of inlet influence. Beyond this boundary, the beach is narrow, exhibits a statistically significant inverse correlation of shoreline position with offshore wave conditions, and has a uniform alongshore pattern in temporal behavior, as determined from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. On the inlet side of the boundary, the beach experiences monotonic widening (with proximity to the inlet), lacks spatial consistency in correlation between shoreline position and wave conditions, and exhibits an irregular pattern in spatial EOF modes. We augment the field observations with numerical modeling that provides calculations of wave setup and nearshore current patterns near the inlet, highlighting the effects of the ebb‐tidal delta on the assailing waves. The modeling results are verified by a natural experiment that occurred during May 2009, when a storm‐produced sedimentary mass accreted to the lower beach, then subsequently split into two oppositely directed waves of sediment that migrated away from the initial accretion site in the subsequent months. Our results suggest that the ebb‐tidal delta produces a pattern of wave setup that creates a pressure gradient driving an alongshore flow that opposes the longshore currents derived from breaking of obliquely oriented incident waves. The resulting recirculation pattern on the margin of the ebb‐tidal delta provides a mechanism through which the inlet influences adjacent barrier island beach morphology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1973 年以来射阳河口附近海岸蚀淤变化遥感分析

以射阳河口北部扁担港口和射阳河口南部斗龙港口之间的海岸作为研究区,基于1973,1987,2000和2013年四期Landsat影像提取了该岸段岸线,并进行了时空变化分析。结果表明,射阳河口以北的扁担港口—射阳河口岸段仍处于侵蚀状态,呈现侵蚀—淤积—缓慢侵蚀的变化格局,40 a间侵蚀面积为12.6 km2,淤积面积为1.0 km2;射阳河口以南的射阳河口—斗龙港口岸段处于淤积的态势,呈现淤积—快速淤积—缓慢淤积的格局,40 a间淤积的面积为223.1 km2,仅在2000~2013年间该岸段北部出现了侵蚀。结论是虽然射阳河口以南岸段仍总体处于淤积的过程中,但是近年来江苏海岸的侵蚀范围已经扩展到了射阳河口以南,这证明了江苏海岸侵蚀岸段有进一步扩大的趋势。     

Interplay between shoreline migration paths, architecture and pinchout distance for siliciclastic shoreline tongues: evidence from the rock record

Facies, geometry and key internal stratigraphic surfaces from eight Cretaceous and Eocene clastic shoreline tongues have been documented. The regressive parts of all the studied tongues represent storm‐wave influenced strandplains, deltas or fan‐deltas, and the regressive shoreline trajectories varied from descending to ascending. The transgressive parts of the tongues are dominated by either estuarine or coastal‐plain deposits. The distance from the coeval, up‐dip non‐marine deposits to the basinward pinchout of amalgamated shoreface sandstones, measured along depositional dip, is here termed the sand pinchout distance. The study shows that the angle of regressive‐to‐transgressive turnaround (defined by the angle between the regressive and subsequent transgressive shoreline trajectories) and the process regime during turnaround largely control the sand‐pinchout distance. The amount of transgressive erosion can also partly control the pinchout distance, but this parameter was comparable for the different examples presented here. If the type of depositional system at turnaround and the depth of transgressive erosion are constant, small angles of turnaround are associated with large pinchout distances, whereas larger angles of turnaround result in smaller pinchout distances. The model developed allows sand‐pinchout distance to be predicted, using data for the landward parts of shoreline tongues. The dataset also shows that steeply rising (aggrading) shoreline trajectories tend to produce more heterolithic sandstone tongues than those formed by lower‐angle trajectories.     

Geometric Integration of Aerial and High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Application in Shoreline Mapping

This paper investigates the geopositioning accuracy achievable from integrating IKONOS and QuickBird satellite stereo image pairs with aerial images acquired over a region at Tampa Bay, Florida. The results showed that the accuracy is related to a few factors of imaging geometry. For example, the geopositioning accuracy of a stereo pair of IKONOS or QuickBird images can be improved by integrating a set of aerial images, even just a single aerial image or a stereo pair of aerial images. Shorelines derived from the IKONOS and QuickBird stereo images, particularly the vertical positions, are compared with the corresponding observations of water-penetrating LiDAR and water gauge stations and proved that differences are within the limit of the geopositioning uncertainty of the satellite images.     

METHODOLOGY: A DEVICE FOR MONITORING SOIL MOVEMENT IN PEATLANDS

Traditional methods of tracking soil movements may be unreliable in soils containing a large proportion of organic matter owing to the composition and mechanical properties of peat. A simple, inexpensive, and reusable “anchored” target can be used to monitor both vertical and horizontal components of soil movement in fibrous peat. The target is unlikely to be affected adversely by flooding, frost heave, or animal disturbance, and is applicable to a wide range of geomorphic problems in peatlands. [Key words: frost heave, peat, peat landforms, soil movement, survey targets.]     

海岸线的溢油环境敏感性评价研究进展

海域溢油环境敏感性评价工作是溢油应急规划的基础,有利于溢油事故的应急处理。本文对海岸线的溢油环境敏感型的主要评价方法和选取的评价指标进行了总结;在溢油环境敏感性评价中采用的方法主要包含指数法、层次分析法、德尔菲法、模糊综合评价法等;在研究中,各类方法具有不同特点,多为各种方法同时使用。目前,国内外研究中选取的各类指标可总结归为物理指标、生物指标、社会-经济指标三大类,并且针对部分指标选取的理论依据进行了论述。探讨了较为系统化的评价指标体系的构建。综述了海岸线溢油环境敏感性评价的国内外的主要研究进展。最后指出当前溢油环境敏感性评价中存在的不足,如评价体系系统性差、评价指标科学性低及评价过程主观性强等,而加强学科交叉的同时对目前研究中不足深入研究将是后续的研究重点。     

PREDICTING SHORELINE CHANGES AT TIDAL INLETS ON A DEVELOPED COAST

Implementation of shore protection measures at tidal inlets in New Jersey has reduced the rate of shoreline change and altered mechanisms for sediment transfer. Shoreline mobility has been reduced to 19 percent of pre-development rates updrift of inlets where new breaches in the islands are prevented by bulkheads or accretion related to human activities. Rates of change downdrift of inlets have been influenced by protection structures and channel dredging. A conversion from cyclic to unidirectional shoreline change has occurred in some areas. Prediction of future changes must be based on probabilities of human action, calibrated with knowledge of physical processes.     

Accommodation and sediment-supply controls on clastic parasequences: A meta-analysis

This study combines data from many published case studies to undertake a quantitative characterization of clastic parasequences, with the aim to determine how accommodation, sediment supply and autogenic sediment-storage dynamics are recorded in their sedimentary architecture and stacking patterns. Results of this study are used to critically evaluate the validity of paradigms and models that are routinely used to explain and predict trends in the anatomy and arrangement of parasequences. Data on 957 parasequences from 62 case studies of clastic, shallow-water successions were coded in a relational database, which includes outcrop and subsurface datasets of ancient and Quaternary examples. These units cover the preserved records of both river-dominated deltas and wave-dominated coasts, representing shoreline transits over a breadth of timescales, likely of both local and regional extent. The role of extant accommodation, rates of creation of accommodation and rates of sediment supply in determining parasequence architecture is assessed through analysis of relationships between: (i) proxies of these variables at different scales (rates of aggradation and progradation, facies-belt shoreline trajectories, systems-tract type, parasequence-set stacking patterns, parasequence progradation angle and stratigraphic rise, size of feeder rivers); and (ii) parameters that describe the geometry and stacking style of parasequences, and associated shallow-water sand bodies. Statistical analyses of database outputs indicate which proxies of accommodation, sediment supply and accommodation/sediment-supply ratio are significant as predictors of parasequence architecture, and allow for interpretations of the importance of allogenic and autogenic factors. The principal results of this study reveal the following: (i) parasequence thickness varies as a function of water depth, accommodation generation and erosional truncation, and these variations are also reflected across types of systems tracts and parasequence sets; (ii) the dip length of parasequence sand bodies demonstrates scaling with measures of accommodation/sediment-supply ratio at multiple scales, partly in relation to the possible effect of sediment supply on progradation rates; (iii) in systems tracts, stratigraphic trends in parasequence stacking due to autogenic mechanisms or to acceleration or deceleration in relative sea-level fluctuations are not revealed quantitatively; (iv) some association is seen between the abundance of deltaic or river-dominated parasequences and progradational stacking; (v) positive but modest correlation is observed between measures of river-system size and the dip length of shallow-marine parasequence sand bodies. The resulting insights can be applied to guide sequence stratigraphic interpretations of the rock record and the characterization of sub-seismic stratigraphic architectures of subsurface successions.     

近15年洞头五岛海岸线时空变化分析

洞头五岛相连工程连接的5个海岛的变化是洞头区发展的缩影,2002—2017年洞头五岛形态处于快速发展阶段。文章收集了2002年、2010年和2017年3期Landsat系列卫星影像,结合2010年、2014年两期0.5m分辨率DOM和2017年实地调查数据,采用RS和GIS技术提取3个时相海岛岸线,并分析了其15年来的时空变化特征。研究表明:2002—2017年海岛不断外扩,五岛面积增加约1 290.8hm~2;岸线日趋平直,平均曲折度由2.7变化为2.2,长度减少约12 692m;自然岸线和人工岸线此消彼长,自然岸线保有率由90.3%降低到54.2%,新增人工岸线长约41 927m,类型以道路和海堤为主;2002—2010年海岛形态及岸线人工化速率较2010—2017年快;岸线外推区内土地利用率不断提高,填筑形成的土地逐渐转化为建筑物、交通用地、人工绿化用地和水系等城市设施。     

基于改进标记分水岭的高分辨率遥感影像海岸水边线提取方法

利用遥感技术快速提取海岸线是一种重要的技术手段,针对传统分水岭算法在高分辨率多光谱卫星数据处理中存在的过分割和抗干扰能力差的问题,本文提出了一种基于扩展极值变换标记分水岭的算法.首先通过形态学重建、扩展极值变换等方法建立前景和背景标记,初步抑制灰度极小值和极大值区域,然后依据这两类标记对梯度图像进行修正,进而进行分水岭...