基于遥感的广西防城湾海岸线变迁分析

随着人口增长、城市化和工业化的迅速发展、政策刺激以及对外贸易的日渐加强,防城湾沿岸海岸线变迁加剧。本文利用1973,1979,1990,2000年的Landsat卫星遥感影像和2010年的HJ-1B(环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座B星)卫星遥感影像,分析了近40 a来防城湾海岸线的变化特征。结果表明:1973—2010年间,防城湾沿岸不断向海推进,陆域面积共增加了4 216.61 hm²;海岸线总长度则减少了36.96 km,其中淤泥质岸线减少最为剧烈,其次为基岩岸线;海岸线变化主要受人为因素影响。根据防城湾的区域特征,将整个研究区划分为防城江口、暗埠口江和渔澫岛3个岸段分别进行详细分析表明:防城江口沿岸以基岩岸线为主,海岸线在1973—2010年间变迁程度很小,仅在防城江河口沿岸向海扩张了约74.58 hm²;暗埠口江沿岸以淤泥岸线为主,近40 a间该岸段岸线不断向海推进,许多原本曲折多变的鹿角湾被逐渐填充;渔澫岛海岸线变迁最为剧烈,近40 a来陆域面积共增加了2 027.41 hm²,岸线长度缩短了2.46 km,遥感影像监测显示1990年时渔澫岛已经陆连,同时从渔澫岛的分形维数计算结果可以看出其海岸线日趋平直。     

1980～2017年环渤海海岸线和围填海时空演变及其影响机制

运用3S技术,采用水体指数法（MNDWI）、分形维数法、土地利用转移矩阵和回归分析等方法,以环渤海海岸带1980、1985、1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015和2017年9个时期TM遥感影像为主数据源,研究近40 a围填海活动影响下的环渤海海岸线动态演变特征。结果表明：1980~2017年环渤海海岸线增加了1 159.9 km,分形维数持续增加,岸线呈曲折化。其中,人工岸线增长了1 977.9 km,自然岸线减少了80%。重点变化区域包括黄河三角洲及莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾顶部、普兰店湾等地区。1980~2017年环渤海围填海的面积增加了1 988.5 km ²。主要类型由养殖池、盐田及农用地向养殖池、盐田、建筑用地转化。围填海活动与岸线长度、属性变化呈显著线性关系。综上,水产养殖、围海晒盐、农田开垦、工业化和城镇化建设等围填海活动影响了岸线长度及属性等特征的变化。     

基于GF-1卫星遥感影像的港口空间格局监测与评估——以营口鲅鱼圈港区为例

文章采用国产GF-1卫星遥感影像,通过对港口内部空间格局以及各组成单元特征进行分析,建立了面向对象的港口空间格局遥感监测方法与步骤,探索构建了码头岸线指数、码头岸线利用指数、码头指数、堆场指数和港池指数等港口空间格局集约利用评估指标,并以营口鲅鱼圈港区为例进行实证研究。结果显示:营口鲅鱼圈港区的码头岸线指数为0.51,码头岸线利用指数为1 498.16万t/km,码头指数为12.23hm~2/km,港池指数为242.76hm~2/km,堆场指数为108.46hm~2/km。码头岸线与码头面积、堆场面积、港池面积的基本比例为1.00∶12.00∶108.00∶250.00。营口鲅鱼圈港区仍有8 821.17万t/a的吞吐量提升空间。     

渤海湾西侧泥质海岸带全新世岸线的变化与海洋的影响

以渤海湾泥质海岸带为例,从形态和地层证据2个方面总结了全新世岸线变化与海洋作用对该地区海岸带发育的影响。中全新世以来千年级别的岸线变迁至少以6次停顿（形成贝壳堤和泥质岭地）和岸进的交替为特征。过去130年间10年级别的岸线变化分为4个阶段,显示了＂小冰期＂结束后随气温上升而发生的岸线自然蚀退是如何逐渐被人类活动（特别是2000年以来的围海造陆）所取代的。全新世海相沉积中发现的9个峰值期和晚全新世的7次风暴驱动事件,表明了研究区泥质海岸带增强的海洋影响。这些结果提供了一条经由地质背景认识现代泥质海岸带过程的途径。     

The depositional architecture and facies variability of shelf deltas in the Eocene Battfjellet Formation,Nathorst Land,Spitsbergen

Deltas are commonly classified according to their plan‐view morphology as either river‐dominated, tide‐dominated or wave‐dominated. However, most deltas form under the mixed influence of these processes, commonly with laterally varying process regimes. It has also become clear that there is a mismatch between the plan‐view morphology and internal facies composition in some deltas. Combined outcrop and subsurface data from the Eocene Battfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen, provide an example of ancient shelf deltas that formed under mixed influence. Internally, these shelf deltas are characterized by wave‐dominated facies that are normally associated with strike‐extensive, nearly linear shoreline sandstones. However, the formation comprises partially overlapping sandstone bodies of limited lateral extent (<20 km in any direction). This stacking pattern is attributed to frequent autogenic lobe switching that caused localized and rapid transgressions. Such processes typify fluvial‐dominated deltas and occur less commonly in wave‐dominated ones. Thus, there is an apparent mismatch between inferred plan‐view morphology and internal facies composition. It is argued that the Battfjellet deltas were flood‐dominated and prograded mainly during periods of high fluvial discharge. However, reworking of the fluvial‐flood facies by fair‐weather and storm waves, as well as longshore currents, resulted in a wave‐dominated facies character. Delta lobes undergoing auto‐retreat were particularly prone to reworking by basinal processes, including tidal currents. It is suggested that repeated delta progradation from inner shelf settings towards the outer shelf and shelf edge was aided by high sediment supply rather than relative falls in sea‐level as previously suggested. This interpretation is supported by: (i) the lack of major facies dislocations and extensive sub‐aerial unconformities; and (ii) an overall relative rise in sea‐level as evidenced by an overall low‐angle (0·8 to 1·2°) ascending shoreline trajectory. The latter results from the combined effect of basin subsidence, eustatic highstand and sediment compaction.     

The Composite Nature of the Provo Level of Lake Bonneville, Great Basin, Western North America

Deposits of a transgressive-phase Lake Bonneville stillstand or oscillation are found just below the elevation of the regressive-phase Provo shoreline at numerous exposures throughout the Bonneville basin. Existence of these subProvo shoreline deposits provides a new explanation for the massive size of Provo depositional and erosional landforms, which can no longer be explained by a long stillstand at the Provo shoreline. Provo coastal landforms are large because they are superimposed on subProvo landforms. Results also help to clarify divergent interpretations regarding the relative age of the Provo shoreline and the number of times it was occupied by the water plane. Occupation of approximately the same level during both the transgressive and the regressive phase of Lake Bonneville may be coincidental, or it may indicate that a bedrock sill controlled outflow at subProvo as well as Provo time. Rise to the Bonneville level could have occurred after massive slope failure plugged the outlet pass.     

古湖岸堤沉积物石英光释光测年研究:以中国东北兴凯湖为例

古湖岸堤是湖面波动的地貌证据,可以用来重建古湖泊演化.古湖岸堤沉积物的准确测年是应用此地貌学证据重建湖泊演化的关键.以我国兴凯湖最低一级湖岸堤——大湖岗为研究对象,采用石英小片技术,应用单片再生剂量法(SAR)对大湖岗2个不同位置的剖面风成砂质沉积物(共13个样品)进行了光释光(OSL)测年.样品石英组分的光释光衰减曲线特征表明,样品的释光信号以快组分为主,预热坪和实验室剂量恢复实验结果表明,SAR法可以用来测量兴凯湖古湖岸堤样品的等效剂量.通过分析样品等效剂量分布情况和比较3种年龄模型(平均值模型、中值模型和最小值模型),认为大湖岗湖滨砂质沉积物在沉积埋藏前石英光释光信号晒退完全,获得的OSL年龄是可信的.年代结果表明,大湖岗采自不同位置的2个剖面的年代范围一致,且各个剖面中所有年代均随地层顺序变化;另外,2个样品的OSL年龄与同层位的炭屑样品的14C年代结果在误差范围内一致,进一步表明OSL测年技术可以获得可靠的兴凯湖岸堤沉积物的年龄.尽管与前人使用热释光(TL)测年方法研究大湖岗形成年代有较大差别,本文认为兴凯湖最低一级古湖岸堤——大湖岗形成于距今约1.24-0.50 ka.     

Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on the Great Lakes Shoreline Wetlands

Great Lakes shoreline wetlands are adapted to a variable water supply. They require the disturbance of water level fluctuations to maintain their productivity. However, the magnitude and rate of climate change could alter the hydrology of the Great Lakes and affect wetland ecosystems. Wetlands would have to adjust to a new pattern of water level fluctuations; the timing, duration, and range of these fluctuations are critical to the wetland ecosystem response. Two "what if" scenarios: (1) an increased frequency and duration of low water levels and (2) a changed temporal distribution and amplitude of seasonal water levels were developed to assess the sensitivity of shoreline wetlands to climate change. Wetland functions and values such as wildlife, waterfowl and fish habitat, water quality, areal extent, and vegetation diversity are affected by these scenarios. Key wetlands are at risk, particularly those that are impeded from adapting to the new water level conditions by man-made structures or geomorphic conditions. Wetland remediation, protection and enhancement policies and programs must consider climate change as an additional stressor of wetlands.     

径向基神经网络模型在杭州湾北岸岸线变化中的应用

基于杭州湾北岸龙泉—南竹港弧形岸段实测岸滩断面与长江入海控制站大通站年输沙量资料,对杭州湾北岸岸线的变化及其趋势进行探讨。研究结果表明：受长江入海泥沙减少以及热带气旋和人类活动作用等影响,近10年来杭州湾北岸岸滩处于侵蚀状态。灰色关联分析进一步揭示,杭州湾北岸不同等深线的进退对长江入海泥沙减少的响应在时间尺度上有一定的滞后。同时,不同等深线的进退亦展现较强的相关性特征。鉴于此,利用大通年输沙量和不同等深线进退的耦合关系,进一步构建了基于长江入海泥沙和杭州湾北岸等深线变化的径向基神经网络岸线预报模型,其中模型输入向量为当年大通站年输沙量和杭州湾北岸-3m、-5m、-8m等深线距离大堤的位置,输出向量为次年0m岸线距离大堤的位置。经检验,构建的径向基神经网络岸线预报模型误差小于20%,可用以预报杭州湾北岸岸线的动态变化。     

塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段风暴沉积的砂体研究

塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段沉积砂体的类型有滨岸砂、浅海砂坝和陆棚砂3种类型，正常条件下沉积的滨岸砂体具低角度交错层理和少量波痕，呈现出由泥岩-粉砂岩-细砂岩-中细砂岩的反韵律变化特征。风暴作用下，滨岸砂体沉积呈正韵律，多由泥砾向上变化为粉、细砂，生物建造较少，具多方向的低角度板状交错层理、丘状层理。正常条件下沉积的陆棚砂体、浅海砂坝砂体岩性较均一，见交错层理，粒级变化不甚明显，多为粉、细砂岩，以反韵律为主。风暴作用下，砂体底部多具撕裂状泥砾，向上呈正韵律粒序演化，并具侵蚀面、槽状交错层理与丘状层理等特征。风暴作用下的滨岸沉积单砂体相对较厚，一般厚6～13m，宽约数十米，浅海砂坝和陆棚砂的单层砂体相对较薄，厚约3～8m，砂体规模较正常条件下沉积的砂体规模增大。此3类砂体在空间展布上极具规律性，垂向上砂体类型由下而上为滨岸砂-浅海砂坝-陆棚砂的交替演化序列；平面上由海洋向陆地方向砂体类型依次为陆棚砂体-浅海砂坝-滨岸砂体。