GIS专题数据库中多层注记重叠问题的解决与自动配置

GIS专题数据库中面状对象的注记一般会自动配置在图形的重心位置。当同一个面状对象在多个数据层中被赋予不同的属性定义时,注记符号和文字将会重叠在同一个位置。当使用的GIS建库软件存在这方面的缺陷时,解决多层注记重叠、自动重新配置注记符号这一命题就显得至关重要。本文以张家界市武陵源城镇地籍数据为例,从多边形形状度量入手,给出基于Delaunay三角网法的骨架线提取算法,较好地解决了多数据层注记重叠和注记符号自动配置问题,提高了工作效率。     

空间线群目标相似度计算模型研究

以空间线群目标的空间统计特征为基础,对线群目标的空间关系和几何特征进行了描述。利用拓扑关系概念邻域图定义线群之间的拓扑关系相似度,利用方向均值定义线群之间的方向关系相似度以及利用"环形方差"定义线群目标之间的距离相似度。结合线群的长度和平均长度、线群密度及线群曲折度,建立了线群目标相似度计算模型,对线群目标相似度进行了整体度量。实验结果表明,相似度计算结果与地物特征比较一致,符合人们的直观认知。     

利用相似性特征进行 Web服务语义匹配

通过对传统语义相似性度量方法的分析和比较,利用相似性关系本身所具有的相对性和传递性,选取共同的领域本体作为相似性比较的基准,提出了基于相似性特征的 Web服务语义匹配算法,解决了现有 Web服务语义相似性度量方法中需要外在文本集、无法对相似性进行定量表达以及相似性区分程度不明显等问题.最后,选取德国人工智能研究中心发布的基于 OWL - S的 geography领域服务测试集进行语义相似性度量对比实验,实验结果证明了所提算法的可行性和有效性.     

图像分类中基于核映射的光谱匹配度量方法

针对多光谱遥感数据特点利用SSV匹配技术改进高斯核函数得到新的KSSV函数,然后在由KSSV核函数映射得到的高维空间中利用SAM匹配技术代替基于欧氏距离的相似性度量。如此可以充分挖掘多光谱影像中的波谱特征信息并有效利用,提高模式识别方法应用的有效性。将此方法分别应用于非监督分类(k均值)与监督分类(最小距离、SVM)的试验表明,改进度量的分类方法可显著提高地类间的可区分度并有效降低类内的不一致性,更有效针对多光谱遥感影像中的地物类型,获得较好的精度改进。     

全边界层选用相似理论对O3、NOx浓度及沉降的影响

将广泛应用于东亚地区的LLA(Lurmann Lloyd Atkinson)化学机制耦合到欧拉型区域空气质量模式(RAQM),并考虑区域污染物长期模拟研究中降水随时间变化的非均匀性,讨论了湍流参数化过程中相似理论在近地层和全边界层的应用对湍流垂直扩散系数(Kz)与干沉降速度(V),O3与NOx浓度的影响。结果表明,全边界层应用相似理论明显低估了Kz值,近地层50m处Kz值被低估20%以上,750m处其值被低估约70%;O3、NOx的干沉降速度在日本东部与南部海域被低估了10%以上,在朝鲜半岛东部和西部海域模拟值普遍偏高。Kz和干沉降速度的不同直接影响污染物的浓度和沉降量分布。Kz值的被低估对NOx浓度有明显影响,在近地层50m处NOx浓度最大可增加约30%,整个边界层中NOx平均浓度除台湾省东北海域外普遍增加5%~20%。O3浓度则受干沉降作用的影响较大。虽然近地层、全边界层分别应用相似理论都较好地模拟了O3与NOx峰值浓度出现的时间,但相似理论应用于全边界层会引起较大的误差。即使是大区域、长期空气质量模拟研究,也建议相似理论仅应用于近地层,且模式第一层高度应设置在常通量层内。     

The Effect of Surface Heterogeneity on the Temperature–Humidity Correlation and the Relative Transport Efficiency

We derive a conceptual model of the flow over heterogeneous terrain consisting of patches with contrasting Bowen ratios. Upward moving eddies are assumed to carry heterogeneous properties, whereas downward moving eddies carry homogeneous properties. This results in a decorrelation of temperature and humidity as the contrast between the patches increases. We show that this model is able to reproduce the relationship developed by Lamaud and Irvine (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 120:87–109, 2006). Some details differ from their expression but are in accordance with data obtained over African savannah. We extend the conceptual model to a combination of any scalars, not necessarily linked through the surface energy balance (as is the case for temperature and humidity). To this end we introduce a new parameter that describes the surface heterogeneity in surface fluxes. The results of the current model can be used to predict the discrepancy between similarity relationships for different scalars over heterogeneous terrain.     

How soil texture,channel shape and cross-sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels

To enhance the utilization efficiency of farmland irrigation water and reduce the leakage of water conveyance channels, the leakage process of channels was simulated dynamically. The simulated results were compared with data measured in laboratory experiments, and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results indicated that the simulated values of the model were consistent with the observation values, and the R² values varied between 0.91 and 0.99. In addition, based on the laboratory experiments, a water supply system (Mariotte bottles) and soil box were built using plexiglass. Three influencing factors, namely, the channel form, soil texture and channel cross-sectional area, were varied to observe and calculate the resulting cumulative infiltration amount, infiltration rate and wetting front migration distance. HYDRUS-3D software was used to solve the three-dimensional soil water movement equation under different initial conditions. The results demonstrated that the U-shaped channel was more effective than the trapezoidal channel in increasing the utilization efficiency of the water resources. A U-shaped channel with a small channel cross-sectional area should be adopted and the soil particle size should be prioritized in the construction of water conveyance channels for farmlands. The simulation results were in agreement with the observed results, which indicates that HYDRUS-3D is a reliable tool that can accurately simulate the soil moisture movement in water conveyance channels. The research results can provide a reference for the design and operation of farmland irrigation systems.     

Rill flow resistance law under equilibrium bed‐load transport conditions

In this paper, a recently deduced flow resistance equation for open channel flow was tested under equilibrium bed‐load transport conditions in a rill. First, the flow resistance equation was deduced applying dimensional analysis and the incomplete self‐similarity condition for the flow velocity distribution. Then, the following steps were carried out for developing the analysis: (a) a relationship (Equation  13 ) between the Γ function of the velocity profile, the rill slope, and the Froude number was calibrated by the available measurements by Jiang et al.; (b) a relationship (Equation  17 ) between the Γ function, the rill slope, the Shields number, and the Froude number was calibrated by the same measurements; and (c) the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor values measured by Jiang et al. were compared with those calculated by the rill flow resistance equation with Γ estimated by Equations  13 and 17 . This last comparison demonstrated that the rill flow resistance equation, in which slope and Shields number, representative of sediment transport effects, are introduced, is characterized by the lowest values of the estimate errors.     

吉林省村域尺度下居民点空间分布特征及优化重组模式

乡村聚落的空间优化与重构是提高土地资源利用效率,改善农村生产生活条件,促进乡村可持续发展的重要手段。以吉林省为例,采用核密度估计方法和景观形状指数分析了农村居民点空间分布特征,基于农户调查数据估算了吉林省不同区域的农村宅基地闲置情况,将农村居民点长期存在的“破碎化”和日益突出的“空心化”相结合,提出了在行政村尺度下农村居民点优化重组的“整小填大”新模式。结果表明：① 吉林省农村居民点规模小且零散分布,尤其中部呈破碎化分布,形态不规则,具有较大的整治潜力;② 吉林省农村宅基地平均闲置率为18.32%,西部地区最高（24.48%）,分别高于东部和中部地区约6%和12%;③“整小填大”模式可使农村居民点数量减少44.6%,增加有效耕地面积1 046.66 km²。     

地理相似性：地理学的第三定律?

定律对知识的理解和传播具有极大的推动作用。本文通过对比地理学中的定律和物理学中的定律的异同之处,认为地理学的定律虽然在形式上和提出的方式上与经典的力学定律有所区别,但仍符合人们对“定律”的定义。在共识地理学定律存在的前提下,本文阐述了地理学的第一定律和第二定律中所体现出的地理学定律的特征——描述性和归纳性。基于这些对地理学定律所具有的特征的认识,本文首先介绍了Zhu等从空间推测的角度将所提出的地理学第三定律,即“地理环境越相似,地理特征越相近”,或称地理相似性定律。本文从普遍性、独立性和应用性3个方面探讨了地理相似性是否可以作为地理学的一个定律,认为地理相似性与地理学第一和第二定律相比,有着同样的普遍性,且与第一和第二定律所涉及的规律有着本质上的区别,在应用上可能解决第一和第二定律所面临的挑战,因此应可作为地理学第三定律。