Calibration of JASON-1 Altimeter over Lake Erie

This article describes absolute calibration results for both JASON-1 and TOPEX Side B (TSB) altimeters obtained at the Lake Erie calibration site, Marblehead, Ohio, USA. Using 15 overflights, the estimated JASON altimeter bias at Marblehead is 58 ± 38 mm, with an uncertainty of 19 mm based on detailed error analysis. Assuming that the TSB bias is negligible, relative bias estimates using both data from the TSB-JASON formation flight period and data from 48 water level gauges around the entire Great Lakes confirmed the Marblehead results. Global analyses using both the formation flight data and dual-satellite (TSB and JASON) crossovers yield a similar relative bias estimate of 146 ± 59 mm, which agrees well with open ocean absolute calibration results obtained at Harvest, Corsica, and Bass Strait (e.g., Watson et al. 2003). We find that there is a strong dependence of bias estimates on the choice of sea state bias (SSB) models. Results indicate that the invariant JASON instrument bias estimated oceanwide is 71 mm, with additional biases of 76 mm or 28 mm contributed by the choice of Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS) SSB or Center for Space Research (CSR) SSB model, respectively. Similar analysis in the Great Lakes yields the invariant JASON instrument bias at 19 mm, with the SSB contributed biases at 58 mm or 13 mm, respectively. The reason for the discrepancy is currently unknown and warrants further investigation. Finally, comparison of the TOPEX/POSEIDON mission (1992-2002) data with the Great Lakes water level gauge measurements yields a negligible TOPEX altimeter drift of 0.1 mm/yr.     

Jason-2测高卫星对湖泊水位的监测精度评价

湖泊水位是评估湖泊水量变化的重要指标。本文以洪泽湖、高邮湖及洞庭湖为研究对象,利用集中度的概率密度函数方法(CPDF)来提高Jason-2测高数据精度,分析了降水量与各个湖泊水位变化的相关性,并基于实测水位数据对比评价了Jason-2测高卫星原始GDR数据和CPDF方法处理后的卫星数据的精度。结果表明:①Jason-2原始GDR数据点的分布存在疏密之分,大部分数据分布相对集中,且有一定的周期变化,但评价结果显示精度较差,故原始GDR数据不能直接用于湖泊水位监测;②CPDF方法可以极大提高测高卫星的水位数据精度,洪泽湖与高邮湖的均方根误差分别由1.92 m与1.74 m减少到了0.32 m和0.36 m,相关系数由0.28和0.04提高到了0.85和0.72。对于南北宽度较窄且日水位变化较大的湖泊(如洞庭湖),CPDF方法提高原始GDR结果的精度有限;③洞庭湖降水与水位相关性最强,高邮湖次之,而洪泽湖降水与水位成不显著的负相关,是洪泽湖水利工程对于水位的调节导致了这一结果。本研究对于利用测高卫星获得湖泊水位值,进而对湖泊进行动态监控,特别是在填补资料匮乏地区湖泊水位数据方面具有重要意义。     

海洋卫星测高新概念——GPS浮标

本文选定定义ＧＰＳ测高的概念,然后介绍ＧＰＳ测高技术之一的浮标ＧＰＳ测高的基本原理及其应用实例,最后讨论浮标ＧＰＳ测高在我国的应用前景。     

卫星测高数据监测青藏高原湖泊2010年—2018年水位变化

青藏高原湖泊水位变化是气候变化和生态环境变化研究的重要指标。随着Cryosat-2观测数据的日益丰富和处理技术的提升,可以有效监测更多湖泊的水位变化信息。本研究构建了基于噪声去除技术、改进的波形重跟踪处理算法（ImpMWaPP）和误差混合动态模型为一体的高精度湖泊水位序列提取方法,利用Cryosat-2 SARIn数据获取到133个青藏高原湖泊2010年—2018年的高精度水位序列,并分析了这些湖泊水位变化的时空变化特征。总体上,青藏高原湖泊的水位继续呈上升趋势,但上升速度较2003年—2009年趋缓,年均变化率0.159 m/a。从地域分布上,北部湖泊的水位上升最为显著,而南部湖泊的水位则趋于稳定。从时间上,2010年—2012年和2016年—2018年,大多数湖泊的水位呈现快速上涨,而其他时间水位相对稳定或略有下降。     

Current Nature of the Kuroshio in the Vicinity of the Kii Peninsula

The Kuroshio flows very close to Cape Shionomisaki when it takes a straight path. The detailed observations of the Kuroshio were made both on board the R/V Seisui-maru of Mie University and on board the R/V Wakayama of the Wakayama Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station on June 11–14, 1996. It was confirmed that the current zone of the Kuroshio touches the coast and bottom slope just off Cape Shionomiaki, and that the coastal water to the east of the cape was completely separated from that to the west. The relatively high sea level difference between Kushimoto and Uragami could be caused by this separation of the coastal waters when the Kuroshio takes a straight path. This flow is rather curious, as the geostrophic flow, which has a barotropic nature and touches the bottom, would be constrained to follow bottom contours due to the vorticity conservation law. The reason why the Kuroshio leaves the bottom slope to the east of Cape Shionomisaki is attributed to the high curvature of the bottom contours there: if the current were to follow the contours, the centrifugal term in the equation of motion would become large and comparablee to the Coriolis (or pressure gradient) term, and the geostrophic balance would be destroyed. This creates a current-shadow zone just to the east of the cape. As the reason why the current zone of the Kuroshio intrudes into the coastal region to the west of the cape, it is suggested that the Kii Bifurcation Current off the southwest coast of the Kii Peninsula, which is usually found when the Kuroshio takes the straight path, has the effect of drawing the Kuroshio water into the coastal region. The sea level difference between Kushimoto and Uragami is often used to monitor the flow pattern of the Kuroshio near the Kii Peninsula. It should be noted that Uragami is located in the current shadow zone, while Kushimoto lies in the region where the offshore Kuroshio water intrudes into the coastal region. The resulting large sea level difference indicates that the Kuroshio is flowing along the straight path.     

基于卫星高度计的北极海冰厚度变化研究

A modified algorithm taking into account the first year(FY) and multiyear(MY) ice densities is used to derive a sea ice thickness from freeboard measurements acquired by satellite altimetry ICESat(2003–2008). Estimates agree with various independent in situ measurements within 0.21 m. Both the fall and winter campaigns see a dramatic extent retreat of thicker MY ice that survives at least one summer melting season. There were strong seasonal and interannual variabilities with regard to the mean thickness. Seasonal increases of 0.53 m for FY the ice and 0.29 m for the MY ice between the autumn and the winter ICESat campaigns, roughly 4–5 month separation, were found. Interannually, the significant MY ice thickness declines over the consecutive four ICESat winter campaigns(2005–2008) leads to a pronounced thickness drop of 0.8 m in MY sea ice zones. No clear trend was identified from the averaged thickness of thinner, FY ice that emerges in autumn and winter and melts in summer. Uncertainty estimates for our calculated thickness, caused by the standard deviations of multiple input parameters including freeboard, ice density, snow density, snow depth, show large errors more than 0.5 m in thicker MY ice zones and relatively small standard deviations under 0.5 m elsewhere. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is implemented to determine the separate impact on the thickness estimate in the dependence of an individual input variable as mentioned above. The results show systematic bias of the estimated ice thickness appears to be mainly caused by the variations of freeboard as well as the ice density whereas the snow density and depth brings about relatively insignificant errors.     

卫星测高问题的球谐级数解法

研究了球界面下卫星测高问题的解法，利用有限逼近方法得到了下列结论：若陆地部分是球冠，则卫星测高问题的解可以转换成关于球谐级数位系统的线性方程组。同时证明了常用的Stokes问题、Dirichlet问题、Neumann问题可以看成卫星测高问题的特殊情况。     

基于模板阴影体算法的矢量数据在三维场景中的绘制

提出一种基于模板阴影体算法的矢量数据绘制方法,实现矢量数据在三维场景中的高质量实时叠加显示。南于该方法基于屏幕空间,所以具有像素级的精度,不会出现传统的基于纹理方法所产生的绘制走样现象;而且不受地形几何数据的约束,其执行效率与地形数据的复杂度无关,仅取决于矢量数据本身的复杂度。详细论述基于模板阴影体算法矢量数据绘制的关键技术,并通过试验验证该方法的有效性。     

卫星重力梯度测量在海洋科学中的应用分析

简述了卫星重力梯度测量技术的基本原理和GOCE数据特点;基于三个不同的重力场模型,采用不同阶次,联合卫星测高平均海面高模型分别推算出全球海面地形,并对结果作了比较分析;探讨了卫星重力梯度测量技术在海洋科学各相关领域的具体应用前景,指出卫星重力梯度测量技术的发展将为海洋科学发展带来巨大的变化。     

长江中下游成矿带及邻区Moho深度与成矿背景探讨

长江中下游成矿带是我国最主要的铜铁金多金属成矿带之一。本文利用卫星重力数据计算布格重力异常,采用波数域迭代的Parker-Oldenburg位场迭代反演方法,通过重力数据反演获得长江中下游成矿带及邻区的三维Moho面结构,结合研究区已有的研究成果,探讨了研究区的深部构造格局。研究结果表明:研究区范围内Moho面总体从南西往北东有逐渐变浅趋势,最浅处位于长江口海域和杭州湾海域约28~29km,最深处位于大别山区约38~39km;长江中下游及邻区下方Moho面的隆起形态呈"V"字型,与地表的"V"字型构造特征相呼应,Moho面隆起的最深处位于"V"字型转折端附近,向两侧Moho面呈抬升状,北东走向的"V"字型东支隆起幅度和规模都要明显大于北西走向的"V"字型西支;卫星化极磁异常显示长江中下游成矿带的正磁异常高值集中分布在"V"字型东支的宁芜、庐枞、繁昌、怀宁等火山岩盆地;钦杭成矿带东段Moho面也明显上隆,隆起的中心沿钦杭成矿带的南侧边界断裂的东南侧线性分布。长江中下游成矿带和钦杭成矿带东段的Moho面条带状隆起带可能指示了地幔上隆、岩浆上涌并在壳幔边界处与下地壳发生底侵作用的深部边界,来自于壳、幔的深部含矿岩浆通过深大断裂等地壳薄弱点向上运移,并在适当的位置形成金属矿集区。